Copper imbalance

Proper Name: Copper Common Name: Copper Evidence of Efficacy: statement to the effect of Copper deficiency or imbalance plays a role in the symptoms of mood disorders. Observational and experimental studies have shown an association between copper and ADHD1,2,3, depression4,5,6, premenstrual syndrome7, and schizophrenia8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20. References: 1. Kozielec T, Starobrat-Hermelin B, Kotkowiak L. [Deficiency of certain trace elements in children with hyperactivity.] Psychiatr Pol 28(3):345-53, 1994. 2. Brenner A. Trace mineral levels in hyperactive children responding to the Feingold diet. J Pediatr 94 (60):944-5, 1979. 3. Pfeiffer CC, Mailloux R. Excess copper as a factor in human diseases. J Orthomol Med 2(3):171-82, 1987. 4. Hansen Cr Jr et al. Copper and zinc deficiencies in association with depression and neurological findings. Biol Psychiatry 18(3):395-401, 1983. 5. Narang RL, Gupta KR, Narang AP, Singh R. Levels of copper and zinc in depression. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 35(4):272-4, 1991. 6. Ali SA et al. Blood levels of vanadium, caesium, and other elements in depressive patients. J Affect Disord 9:187-91, 1985. 7. Choung C, Dawson E. Zinc and copper levels in premenstrual syndrome. Fert Steril 62:313-20, 1994. 8. Kornhuber J, Lange KW, Kruzik P, et al. Iron, copper, zinc, magnesium, and calcium in postmortem brain tissue from schizophrenic patients. Biol Psychiatry 36(1):31-4, 1994. 9. Shore D et al. CSF copper concentrations in chronic schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 140(6):754-7, 1983. 10. Tyrer SP et al. CSF copper in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 136(7):937-9, 1979. 11. Gillin JC et al. Zinc and copper in patients with schizophrenia. Encephale 8(3):435-44, 1982. 12. Olatunbosun DA at al. Serum copper in schizophrenia in Nigerians. Br J Psychiatry 127:119-21, 1975. 13. Pfeiffer CC, Illiev V. A study of zinc deficiency and copper excess in the schizophrenias. Int Rev Biol Suppl 1, 1972. 14. Heilmeyer L, Keiderling W, Struve C. Kupfer and eisen als. Korpereigene Wirkstoffe und Ihre Bedeutung Beim Krankheitgeschehen. Fischer, Jena, Germany, 1941. 15. Pfeiffer CC, LaMola S. Zinc and manganese in the schizophrenias. J Orthomol Psychiatry 12:215-34, 1983. 16. Bowman MB, Lewis MS. The copper hypothesis of schizophrenia: a review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 6:321-8, 1982. 17. Gillin JC et al. Zinc and copper in patients with schizophrenia. Encephale 8(3):435-44, 1982. 18. Mattke JD, Adler M. Mode of action of D-penicillamine in chronic schizophrenia. Dis Nerv Sys 32:388, 1971. 19. Affleck JW et al., Penicillamine and schizophrenia – A clinical trial. Br J Psychiatry 115:173, 1969. 20. Nicholson GA et al. Effect of D-penicillamine on schizophrenic patients. Lancet i:344, 1966.