Selenium Imbalance

Proper Name: Selenium Common Name: Selenium Evidence of Efficacy: statement to the effect of Selenium deficiency or imbalance plays a role in the symptoms of mood disorders1. Observational and experimental studies have shown an association between selenium and anxiety1, depression2,3, and schizophrenia4,5,6,7,8,9,10. References: 1. Benton D, Cook R. The impact of selenium supplementation on mood. Biol Psychiatry 29(11):1092-8, 1991. 2. Hawkes WC, Hornbostel L. Effects of dietary selenium on mood in healthy men living in a metabolic research unit. Biol Psychiatry 39:121-8, 1996. 3. Benton D, Cook R. The impact of selenium supplementation on mood. Biol Psychiatry 29(11):1092-8, 1991. 4. Brown JS Jr. Role of selenium and other trace elements in the geography of schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 20(2):387-98, 1994. 5. Foster HD. Schizophrenia and esophageal cancer: comments on similarities in their spatial distributions. J Orthomol Med 5(3):129-34, 1990. 6. Foster HD. The geography of schizophrenia: possible links with selenium and calcium deficiencies, inadequate exposure to sunlight and industrialization. J Orthomol Med 3(3):135-40, 1988. 7. Alertsen AR, Aukrust A, Skaug OE. Selenium concentrations in blood and serum from patients with mental diseases. Acta Psychiatr Scand 74(2):217-19, 1986. 8. Buckman TD, Kling AS, Eiduscon S, et al. Glutathione peroxidase and CT scan abnormalities in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 22(11):1349-56, 1987. 9. Abdalla DS, Monteiro HP, Oliveira JA, Bechara EJ. Activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase in schizophrenic and manic-depressive patients. Clin Chem 32(5):805-7, 1986. 10. Berry T. A selenium transport protein model of a sub-type of schizophrenia. Med Hypotheses 43(6):409-14, 1994.

Manganese Imbalance

Proper Name: Manganese Common Name: Manganese Evidence of Efficacy: statement to the effect of Manganese deficiency or imbalance plays a role in the symptoms of mood disorders. Observational and experimental studies have shown an association between manganese and aggression1,2,3,4,5,6, ADHD7,8,9 , and schizophrenia10,11,12,13,14,15. References: 1. Roger D. Masters, Nelson A. Rockefeller Professor of Government, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire. Unpublished data, June, 1995. 2. Marlowe M, Bliss L, Schneider HG. Hair trace element content of violence prone male children. J Advancement Med 7(1):5-18, 1994. 3. Gottschalk LA et al. Abnormalities in hair trace-elements as indicators of aberrant behavior. Compr Psychiatry 32:229-37, 1991. 4. Schmidt K, Wier WR, ASch M. Clinical ecology treatment approach for juvenile offenders. J Behav Ecology: Biosocial 2(1), 1981. 5. Von Hilsheimer G, Philpott W, Buckley W, Klotz SC. Correcting the incorrigible. A repot on 229 “incorrigible” adolescents. Am Lab 107:22-49, 1977. 6. Schauss AG. Comparative hair mineral analysis results of 21 elements in a random behaviorally “normal” 19-59 year old population and violent adult criminal offenders. Int J Biosoc Res 1:21-41, 1981. 7. Collipp PJ, Chen SY, Maitinsky S. Manganese in infant formulas and learning disability. Ann Nutr Metab 27:488-94, 1983. 8. Keen CL, Bell JG, Lonnerdal B. The effect of age on manganese uptake and retention from milk and infant formulas in rats. J Nutr 116:395-402, 1986. 9. Barlow PJ. A pilot study on the metal levels in the hair of hyperactive children. Med Hypotheses 11(3):309-18, 1983. 10. Barlow P. Hair metal analysis and its significance to certain diseases. Presentation at the 2nd Annual Trace Minerals in Health Seminar. Boston, MA, September 8-9, 1979. 11. Pfeiffer CC. Observations on trace and toxic elements in hair and serum. J Orthomol Psychiatry 3(4):259-64, 1974. 12. Pfeiffer CC, LaMola S. Zinc and manganese in the schizophrenics. J Orthomol Psychiatry 12:215-34, 1983. 13. Pfeiffer CC, Iliev V. A study of zinc deficiency and copper excess in the schizophrenias. Int Rev Neurobiol, p. 141. 1972. 14. Hoskins RG. The manganese treatment of schizophrenic disorders. J Nerv Ment Dis 79:59-62, 1934. 15. English WM. Report of the treatment with manganese chloride in dementia praecox. Can Med Asoc J 21:96-149, 1929.

Vitamin B6 Imbalance

Proper Name: Pyridoxine Hydrochloride Common Name: Vitamin B6 Evidence of Efficacy: statement to the effect of Vitamin B6 deficiency or imbalance plays a role in the symptoms of mood disorders. Observational and experimental studies have shown an association between vitamin B6 and aggression1, anxiety2,3,4, ADHD5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12, bipolar disorder13,14, depression15, 16 ,17 ,18 ,19 ,20 ,21 ,22 ,23 ,24 ,25 ,26, obsessive compulsive disorder27,28, premenstrual syndrome29, 30, 31, 32, 33,3 4,3 5,36 ,37, 38, ,39 ,40, 41, 42,43 ,44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50 ,5 1,52, 53,and schizophrenia54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59,6 0,6 1,62 ,63 ,64 .65 References: 1. Noted in McLaren DS. Clinical manifestations of nutritional disorders, in ME Shils, VR Young, Eds. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, Seventh Edition. Philadelphia, Lea & Febiger, 1988. 2. Heseker H, Kubler W, Pudel V, Westenhoffer J. Psychological disorders as early symptoms of a mild-moderate vitamin deficiency. Ann N Y Acad Sci 669:352-7, 1992. 3. Hoes MJ et al. Hyperventilation syndrome, treatment with L-tryptophan and pyridoxine; Predictive value of xanthurenic acid excretion. J Orthomol Psychiatry 10(1):7-15, 1981. 4. Buist RA. Anxiety neurosis: The lactate connection. Int Clin Nutr Rev 5:1-4, 1985. 5. Coleman M et al. Serotonin in Down’s syndrome. Amsterdam, North Holland, 1973. 6. Kleijnen J, Knipschild P. Niacin and vitamin B6 in mental functioning: a review of controlled trials in humans. Biol Psychiatry 29(9):931-41, 1991. 7. Haslam RH, Dalby JT. Blood serotonin levels in the attention-deficit disorder. Letter. N Engl J Med 309(31):1328-9, 1983. 8. Brenner A. The effects of megadoses of selected B complex vitamins on children with hyperkinesis: Controlled studies with long-term follow-up. J Learn Disabil 15(5):258-64, 1982. 9. Klieger JA, Altshuler CH, Krakow L, Hollister L. Abnormal pyridoxine metabolism in toxemia of pregnancy. Ann N Y Acad Sci 166:288-96, 1969. 10. Coleman M et al. A preliminary study of the effect of pyridoxine administration in a subgroup of hyperkinetic children: A double-blind crossover comparison with methylphenidate. Biol Psychiatry 14(5):741-51, 1979. 11. Brenner A, Wapnir R. A pyridoxine-dependent behavioral disorder unmasked by Isoniazid. Am J Dis Child 132:773-6, 1978. 12. Bhagavan HN et al. The effect of pyridoxine hydrochloride on blood serotonin and pyridoxal phosphate contents in hyperactive children. Pediatrics 55:437-41, 1975. 13. Moller SE et al. Tryptophan availability in endogenous depression – relation to efficacy of L-tryptophan treatment. Adv Biol Psychiatry 10:30-46, 1983. 14. The pharmacokinetics of oral L-tryptophan: Effects of dose and concomitant pyridoxine, allopurinol or nicotinamide administration. Adv Biol Psychiatry 10:67-81, 1983. 15. Noted in McLaren DS. Clinical manifestations of nutritional disorders, in ME Shils, VR Young, Eds. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, Seventh Edition. Philadelphia, Lea & Febiger, 1988. 16. Bell I et al. Complex vitamin patterns in geriatric and young adult inpatients with major depression. J Am Geriatr Soc 39:252-7, 1991. 17. Stewart TW, Harrison W, Quitkin F, et al. Low B6 levels in depressed outpatients. Biol Psychiatry 19(4):613-16, 1984. 18. Russ CS et al. Vitamin B6 status of depressed and obsessive-compulsive patients. Nutr Rep Int 27(4):867-73, 1983. 19. Carney MW, Ravindran A, Rinsler MG, et al. Thiamine, riboflavin and pyridoxine deficiency in psychiatric inpatients. Br J Psychiatry 141:271-2, 1982. 20. Carney MW, Williams DG, Sheffield BF. Thiamin and pyridoxine lack in newly-admitted psychiatric patients. Br J Psychiatry 135:249-54, 1979. 21. Nobbs B. Pyridoxal phosphate status in clinical depression. Letter. Lancet i:405, 1974. 22. Bermond P. Therapy of side effects of oral contraceptive agents with vitamin B6. Acta Vitaminol Enzymol 4(1-2):45-54, 1982. 23. Adams PW, Wynn V, Rose DP, et al. Effect of pyridoxine hydrocholoride (vitamin B6) upon depression associated with oral contraception. Lancet ii:899-904, 1973. 24. Adams PW, Wynn V, Seed M, Folkard J. Vitamin B6, depression, and oral contraception. Letter. Lancet ii:516-17, 1974. 25. Benton D, Haller J, Fordy J. Vitamin supplementation for 1 year improves mood. Neuropsychobiology 32(2):98-105, 1995. 26. Hallert C, Astrom J, Walan A. Reversal of psychopathology in adult coeliac disease with the aid of pyridoxine (vitamin B6). Scand J Gastroenterol 18(2):299-304, 1983. 27. Yaryura-Tobias JA. Presentation to the Third World Congress of Biological Psychiatry, Stockholm – reported in Clinical Psychiatrty News. September, 1981. 28. Yaryura-Tobias JA, Bhagavan HN. L-tryptophan in obsessive-compulsive disorders. Am J Psychiatry 134(11):1298-9, 1977. 29. Mira M, Stewart PM, Abraham SF. Vitamin and trace element status in premenstrual syndrome. Am J Clin Nutr 47(4):636-41, 1988. 30. Gallant MP, Bowering J, Short SH, et al. Pyridoxine and magnesium status in women with premenstrual syndrome. Nutr Res 7:243-52, 1987. 31. Stewart A. Clinical and biochemical effects of nutritional supplementation on the premenstrual syndrome. J Reprod Med 32(6):435-41, 1987. 32. Richie CD, Singkamani R. Plasma pyridoxal-5’-phosphate in women with the premenstrual syndrome. Hum Nutr Clin Nutr 40C:75-80, 1986. 33. Parry GJ, Bredesen DE. Sensory neuropathy with low-dose pyridoxine. Neurology 35:1466-8, 1985; Waterston JA, Gilligan BS. Pyridoxine neuropathy. Med J Aust 146:640-2, 1987. 34. Guy Abraham – personal communication reported in Piesse JW. Nutrition factors in the premenstrual syndrome: A review. Int Clin Nutr Rev 4(2):54-81, 1984. 35. Abraham GE. Nutrition and the premenstrual tension syndromes. J Appl Nutr 36(2):103-17, 1985; Hargrove JT, Abraham GT. Effect of vitamin B6 on infertility in women with the premenstrual syndrome. Infertility 2:315: 1979. 36. Leklem JE. Vitamin B6: The pill, pregnancy and premenstrual syndrome. Abstract. J Am Coll Nutr. 11(5):624, 1992. 37. Kleijnen J, Ter Riet G, Knipschild P. Vitamin B6 in the treatment of premenstrual syndrome – a review. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 97(9):847-52, 1990. Berman MK et al. Vitamin B-6 in premenstrual syndrome. J Am Diet Assoc 90(6):859-61, 1990. 38. Doll H, Brown S, Thurston A, Vessey M. Pyridoxine (vitamin B6) and the premenstrual syndrome: A randomized crossover trial. J R Coll Gen Pract 39:364-8, 1989. 39. Brush MG, Bennett T, Hansen K. Pyridoxine in the treatment of premenstrual syndrome: A retrospective survey in 630 patients. Br J Clin Pract 42(11):448-52, 1988. 40. Kendall KE, Schnurr PP. The effects of vitamin B6 supplementation on premenstrual symptoms. Obstet Gynecol 70(2):145-9, 1987. 41. David R. Rubinow, biological psychiatry branch, National Institute of Mental Health (USA) – quoted by Clin Psychiatry News, December, 1987. 42. Hagen I et al. No effect of vitamin B-6 against premenstrual tension: A controlled clinical study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 64:667, 1985. 43. Williams MJ, Harris RI, Dean BC. Controlled trial of pyridoxine in the premenstrual syndrome. J Int Med Res 13:174-9, 1985. 44. Barr W. Pyridoxine supplements in the premenstrual syndrome. Practitioner 228:425-7, 1984. 45. Mattes JA, Martin D. Pyridoxine in premenstrual depression. Hum Nutr Appl Nutr 36(2):131-3, 1982. 46. Abraham GE, Hargrove JT. Effect of vitamin B-6 on premenstrual symptomatology in women with premenstrual tension syndrome: A double-blind crossover study. Infertility 3:155-65, 1980. 47. Day JB. Clinical trials in the premenstrual syndrome. Curr Med Res Opin (Suppl 6) 5:40-5, 1979. 48. Kerr GD. The management of the premenstrual syndrome. Curr Med Res Opin (Suppl 4) 4:29-34, 1977. 49. Stokes J, Mendels J. Pyridoxine and premenstrual tension. Letter. Lancet i:1177-8, 1972. 50. Piesse JW. Nutrition factors in the premenstrual syndrome. Int Clin Nutr Rev 4(2):54-81, 1984. 51. Lee CM, Leklem JE. Blood magnesium constancy with vitamin B-6 supplementation in pre- and post-menopausal women. Ann Clin Lab Sci 14(2):151-4, 1984. 52. Abraham GE et al. Effect of vitamin B6 on plasma and red blood cell magnesium levels in premenopausal women. Ann Clin Lab Sci 11(4):333-6, 1981. 53. Holley J et al. Effect of vitamin B6 nutritional status on the uptake of [3H]-oestradiol into the uterus, liver and hypothalamus of the rat. J Steroid Biochem 18:161-6, 1983. 54. Pfeiffer CC, Audette L. Pyroluria – Zinc and B6 deficiencies. Int Clin Nutr Rev 8(3):107-10; 1988. 55. Pfeiffer CC. The schizophrenias ’76. Biol Psychiatry 2:773-5, 1976. 56. Pfeiffer CC, Bacchi D. Copper, zinc, manganese, niacin and pyridoxine in the schizophrenias. J Appl Nutr 27:9-39, 1975. 57. Pfeiffer CC. Observations on trace and toxic elements in hair and serum. J Orthomol Psychiatry 3(4):259-64, 1974. 58. Cruz R, Vogel WH. Pyroluria: A poor marker in chronic schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 135(10):1239-40, 1978. 59. Parry GJ. Sensory neuropathy with low-dose pyridoxine. Neurology 35:1466:8, 1985. 60. Kleijnen J, Knipschild P. Niacin and vitamin B6 in mental functioning: a review of controlled trials in humans. Biol Psychiatry 29(9):931-41, 1991. 61. Brooks SC et al. An unusual schizophrenic illness responsive to pyridoxine HCl (B6) subsequent to phenothiazine and butyrophenone toxicities. Biol Psychiatry 18(11):1321-8, 1983. 62. Yamauchi M. Effects of L-dopa and vitamin B6 on electroencephalograms of schizophrenic patients: A preliminary report. Folia Psychiatrica et Neurologica Japonica 30(2):121-51, 1976. 63. Sandyk R, Pardeshi R. Pyridoxine improves drug-induced parkinsonism and psychosis in a schizophrenic patients. J Neurosci 53(3-4):225-32, 1990. 64. Petrie WM, Ban TA, Anath JV. The use of nicotinic acid and pyridoxine in the treatment of schizophrenia. Int Pharmacopsychiatry 16(4):245-50, 1981. 65. Ananth JV, Ban TA, Lehmann HE. Potentiation of therapeutic effects of nicotinic acid by pyridoxine in chronic schizophrenics. Can Psychiatr Assoc J 18:377-83, 1973.

Magnesium Imbalance

Proper Name: Magnesium Common Name: Magnesium Evidence of Efficacy: Magnesium deficiency or imbalance plays a role in the symptoms of mood disorders. Observational and experimental studies have shown an association between magnesium and aggression 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, anxiety 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, ADHD 16, 17, 18, bipolar disorder 19, 20 ,21, depression 22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35, premenstrual syndrome 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, and schizophrenia 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65 ,66 ,67 ,68 ,69, 70. References: 1. Izenwasser SE et al. Stimulant-like effects of magnesium on aggression in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 25(6):1195-9, 1986. 2. Henrotte JG. Type A behavior and magnesium metabolism. Magnesium 5:201-10, 1986. 3. Bennett CPW, McEwen LM, McEwen HC, Rose EL. The Shipley Project: treating food allergy to prevent criminal behaviour in community settings. J Nutr Environ Med 8:77-83, 1998. 4. Kirow GK, Birch NJ, Steadman P, Ramsey RG. Plasma magnesium levels in a population of psychiatric patients: correlation with symptoms. Neuropsychobiology 30(2-3):73-8, 1994. 5. Kantak KM. Magnesium deficiency alters aggressive behavior and catecholamine function. Behav Neurosci 102(2):304-11, 1988. 6. Izenwasser SE, Garcia-Valdez K, Kantak KM. Stimulant-like effects of magnesium on aggression in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 25(6):1195-9, 1986. 7. Struempler RE et al. Hair mineral analysis and disruptive behavior in clinically normal young men. J Learn Disabil 18(10):609-12, 1985. 8. Banki CM, Vojnik M, Papp Z, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid magnesium and calcium related to amine metabolites, diagnosis, and suicide attempts. Biol Psychiatry 20(2):163-71, 1985. 9. Schmidt K, Wier WR, Asch M. Clinical ecology treatment approach for juvenile offenders. J Behav Ecology: Biosocial 2(1), 1981. 10. Von Hilsheimer G, Philpott W, Buckley W, Klotz SC. Correcting the incorrigible. A report on 229 "incorrigible" adolescents. Am Lab 107:22-49, 1977. 11. Buist RA. Anxiety neurosis: The lactate connection. Int Clin Nutr Rev 5:1-4, 1985. 12. Seelig MS, Berger AR, Spieholz N. Latent tetany and anxiety, marginal Mg deficit, and normocalcemia. Dis Nerv Syst 36:461-5, 1975. 13. Durlach J, Durlach V, Bac P, et al. Magnesium and therapeutics. Magnes Res 7(3/4):313-28, 1994. 14. Kirov GK, Tsachev KN. Magnesium, schizophrenia and manic-depressive disease. Neuropsychobiology 23(2):79-81, 1990. 15. Weston PG et al. Magnesium sulphate as a sedative. Am J Med Sci 165:431-3, 1923. 16. Durlach J. Clinical aspects of chronic magnesium deficiency, in MS Seelig, Ed. Magnesium in Health and Disease. New York, Spectrum Publications, 1980. 17. Kozielec T, Starobrat-Hermelin B. Assessment of magnesium levels in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Magnes Res 10(2):143-8, 1997. 18. Starobrat-Hermelin B, Kozielec T. The effects of magnesium physiological supplementation on hyperactivity in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Positive response to magnesium oral loading test. Magnes Res 10(2):149-56, 1997. 19. George MS, Rosenstein D, Rubinow DR, et al. CSF magnesium in affective disorder: lack of correlation with clinical course of treatment. Psychiatry Res 51(2):139-46, 1994. 20. Kirov GK, Birch NJ, Steadman P, Ramsey RG. Plasma magnesium levels in a population of psychiatric patients: correlations with symptoms. Neuropsychobiology 1994;30(2-3):73-8, 1994. 21. Chouinard G, Beauclair L, Geiser R, Etienne P. A pilot study of magnesium aspartate hydrochloride (Magnesiocard) as a mood stabilizer for rapid cycling bipolar affective disorder patients. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 14(2):171-180, 1990. 22. Kirow GK, Birch NJ, Steadman P, Ramsey RG. Plasma magnesium levels in a population of psychiatric patients: correlation with symptoms. Neuropsychobiology 30(2-3):73-8, 1994. 23. Linder J et al. Calcium and magnesium concentrations in affective disorder: Difference between plasma and serum in relation to symptoms. Acta Psychiatr Scand 80:527-37, 1989. 24. Frazer A et al. Plasma and erythrocyte electrolytes in affective disorders. J Affect Disord 5(2):103-13, 1983. 25. Bjorum N. Electrolytes in blood in endogenous depression. Acta Psychiatr Scand 48:59-68, 1972. 26. Cade JFJA. A significant elevation of plasma magnesium levels in schizophrenia and depressive states. Med J Aust 1:195-6, 1964. 27. Kirov GK, Tsachev KN. Magnesium, schizophrenia and manic-depressive disease. Neuropsychobiology 23(2):79-81, 1990. 28. Hall RCW, Joffe JR. Hypomagnesemia: Physical and psychiatric symptoms. JAMA 224:1749-51, 1973. 29. Frizel D, Coppen A, Marks V. Plasma magnesium and calcium in depression. Br J Psychiatry 115:1375-7, 1969. 30. Frizel D et al. Plasma calcium and magnesium in depression. Br J Psychiatry 115:1375-7, 1969. 31. Hasey GM, D'Alessandro E, Cooke RG, Warsh JJ. The interface between thyroid activity, magnesium, and depression: A pilot study. Biol Psychiatry 33:133-5, 1993. 32. Linder J et al. Calcium and magnesium concentrations in affective disorder: Difference between plasma and serum in relation to symptoms. Acta Psychiatr Scand 80:527-37, 1989. 33. Frazer A et al. Plasma and erythrocyte electrolytes in affective disorders. J Affect Disord 5(2):103-13, 1983]. 34. Banki CM et al. Aminergic studies and cerebrospinal fluid cations in suicide. Ann N Y Acad Sci 487:221-30, 1986. 35. Banki CM et al. Cerebrospinal fluid magnesium and calcium related to amine metabolites, diagnosis, and suicide attempts. Biol Psychiatry 20:163-71, 1985. 36. Posaci C, Erten O, Uren A, Acar B. Plasma copper, zinc and magnesium levels in patients with premenstrual tension syndrome. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 73(6):452-5, 1994. 37. Rosenstein DL et al. Magnesium measures across the menstrual cycle in premenstrual syndrome. Biol Psychiatry 35:557-61, 1994. 38. Chuong CJ, Dawson EB., Magnesium levels in premenstrual syndrome. Nutr Res 14(11):1623-34, 1994. 39. Mira M, Stewart PM, Abraham SF. Vitamin and trace element status in premenstrual syndrome. Am J Clin Nutr 47:636-41, 1988. 40. Sherwood RA, Rocks BF, Stewart A, Saxton RS. Magnesium and the premenstrual syndrome. Ann Clin Biochem 23(6):667;70, 1986. 41. Stebbing JB et al., Reactive hypoglycaemia and magnesium. Magnesium Bull 4(2):131-4, 1982. 42. Rosenstein DL et al. Magnesium measures across the menstrual cycle in premenstrual syndrome. Biol Psychiatry 35:557-61, 1994. 43. Stewart A., Clinical and biochemical effects of nutritional supplementation on the premenstrual syndrome. J Reprod Med 32:435-41, 1987. 44. Sherwood RA, Rocks BF, Stewart A, Saxton RS. Magnesium and the premenstrual syndrome. Ann Clin Biochem 23(6):667-70, 1986. 45. Stebbing JB et al., Reactive hypoglycaemia and magnesium. Magnesium Bull 4(2):131-4, 1982. 46. Abraham GE. Magnesium deficiency in premenstrual tension. Magnesium Bull 1:68-73, 1982. 47. Abraham GE, Lubran MM. Serum and red cell magnesium levels in patients with premenstrual tension. Am J Clin Nutr 34(11):2364-6, 1981. 48. Rosenstein DL et al. Magnesium measures across the menstrual cycle in premenstrual syndrome. Biol Psychiatry 35:557-61, 1994. 49. Stewart A., Clinical and biochemical effects of nutritional supplementation on the premenstrual syndrome. J Reprod Med 32:435-41, 1987. 50. Stebbing JB et al. Reactive hypoglycaemia and magnesium. Magnesium Bull 4(2):131-4, 1982. 51. Brown RC, Bidlack WR. Regulation of glucuronyl transferase by intracellular magnesium, in Proceedings of the International Symposium on Magnesium and its Relationship to Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Disorders. Los Angeles, 1985:24. 52. Curry DL et al. Magnesium modulation of glucose-induced insulin secretion by the perfused rat pancreas. Endocrinology 101:203, 1977. 53. Abraham GE. Management of the premenstrual tension syndromes: Rationale for a nutritional approach, in J Bland, Ed. 1986: A Year in Nutritional Medicine. New Canaan, CT, Keats Publishing, 1986:125-66. 54. Brown RC, Bidlack WR. Regulation of glucuronyl transferase by intracellular magnesium, in Proceed Int Sympos Magnesium and its Relationship to Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Disorders. Los Angeles, 1985:24. 55.Cunnane SC, Horrobin DF. Parnteral linoleic and gamma-linolenic acids ameliorate the gross effects of zinc deficiency. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 164:583, 1980. 56. Facchinetti F, Bolrella P, Sances G, et al. Oral magnesium successfully relieves premenstrual mood changes. Obstet Gynecol 78(2):177-81, 1991. 57. Facchinetti F et al. Magnesium prophylaxis of menstrual migraine: effects of intracellular magnesium. Headache 31:298-304, 1991. 58. Levine J, Rapoport A, Mashiah M, Dolev E. Serum and cerebrospinal levels of calcium and magnesium in acute versus remitted schizophrenic patients. Neuropsychobiology 33(4):169-72, 1996. 59. Kirow GK, Birch NJ, Steadman P, Ramsey RG. Plasma magnesium levels in a population of psychiatric patients: correlation with symptoms. Neuropsychobiology 30(2-3):73-8, 1994. 60. Kanofsky JD et al. Is iatrogenic hypomagnesemia common in schizophrenia? Abstract. J Am Coll Nutr 10(5):537, 1991. 61. Kirov GK, Tsachev KN. Magnesium, schizophrenia and manic-depressive disease. Neuropsychobiology 23(2):79-81, 1990. 62. Chhatre SM et al. Serum magnesium levels in schizophrenia. Ind J Med Sci 39(11):259-61, 1985. 63. Paul EA et al. Serum calcium and magnesium in schizophrenia. Relationship to clinical phenomena and neuroleptic treatment. Br J Psych 133:143-9, 1978. 64. Daly RM, Gold G. Serum magnesium levels in nonacute schizophrenics. N Y State J Med 76:188-9, 1976. 65. Hakim AH et al. A comparative study of serum calcium and magnesium in cases of endogenous depression, reactive depression, schizophrenia and conversion reaction. J Assn Phys Ind 23:513-17, 1975. 66. Pandey SK et al. An estimation of magnesium and calcium in serum and CSF in schizophrenia. J Assn Phys Ind 21:203-5, 1973. 67. Chugh TD et al. Magnesium in schizophrenia. Ind J Med Res 61:998-1001, 1973. 68. Cade JFJ. A significant elevation of plasma magnesium level in schizophrenia and depressive states. Med J Aust 1:195-6, 1964. 69. Kornhuber J, Lange KW, Kruzik P, et al. Iron, copper, zinc, magnesium, and calcium in postmortem brain tissue from schizophrenic patients. Biol Psychiatry 36(1):31-4, 1994. 70. Levine J, Rapoport A, Mashiah M, Dolev E. Serum and cerebrospinal levels of calcium and magnesium in acute versus remitted schizophrenic patients. Neuropsychobiology 33(4):169-72, 1996.

Copper imbalance

Proper Name: Copper Common Name: Copper Evidence of Efficacy: statement to the effect of Copper deficiency or imbalance plays a role in the symptoms of mood disorders. Observational and experimental studies have shown an association between copper and ADHD1,2,3, depression4,5,6, premenstrual syndrome7, and schizophrenia8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20. References: 1. Kozielec T, Starobrat-Hermelin B, Kotkowiak L. [Deficiency of certain trace elements in children with hyperactivity.] Psychiatr Pol 28(3):345-53, 1994. 2. Brenner A. Trace mineral levels in hyperactive children responding to the Feingold diet. J Pediatr 94 (60):944-5, 1979. 3. Pfeiffer CC, Mailloux R. Excess copper as a factor in human diseases. J Orthomol Med 2(3):171-82, 1987. 4. Hansen Cr Jr et al. Copper and zinc deficiencies in association with depression and neurological findings. Biol Psychiatry 18(3):395-401, 1983. 5. Narang RL, Gupta KR, Narang AP, Singh R. Levels of copper and zinc in depression. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 35(4):272-4, 1991. 6. Ali SA et al. Blood levels of vanadium, caesium, and other elements in depressive patients. J Affect Disord 9:187-91, 1985. 7. Choung C, Dawson E. Zinc and copper levels in premenstrual syndrome. Fert Steril 62:313-20, 1994. 8. Kornhuber J, Lange KW, Kruzik P, et al. Iron, copper, zinc, magnesium, and calcium in postmortem brain tissue from schizophrenic patients. Biol Psychiatry 36(1):31-4, 1994. 9. Shore D et al. CSF copper concentrations in chronic schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 140(6):754-7, 1983. 10. Tyrer SP et al. CSF copper in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 136(7):937-9, 1979. 11. Gillin JC et al. Zinc and copper in patients with schizophrenia. Encephale 8(3):435-44, 1982. 12. Olatunbosun DA at al. Serum copper in schizophrenia in Nigerians. Br J Psychiatry 127:119-21, 1975. 13. Pfeiffer CC, Illiev V. A study of zinc deficiency and copper excess in the schizophrenias. Int Rev Biol Suppl 1, 1972. 14. Heilmeyer L, Keiderling W, Struve C. Kupfer and eisen als. Korpereigene Wirkstoffe und Ihre Bedeutung Beim Krankheitgeschehen. Fischer, Jena, Germany, 1941. 15. Pfeiffer CC, LaMola S. Zinc and manganese in the schizophrenias. J Orthomol Psychiatry 12:215-34, 1983. 16. Bowman MB, Lewis MS. The copper hypothesis of schizophrenia: a review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 6:321-8, 1982. 17. Gillin JC et al. Zinc and copper in patients with schizophrenia. Encephale 8(3):435-44, 1982. 18. Mattke JD, Adler M. Mode of action of D-penicillamine in chronic schizophrenia. Dis Nerv Sys 32:388, 1971. 19. Affleck JW et al., Penicillamine and schizophrenia – A clinical trial. Br J Psychiatry 115:173, 1969. 20. Nicholson GA et al. Effect of D-penicillamine on schizophrenic patients. Lancet i:344, 1966.