Magnesium Imbalance

Proper Name: Magnesium Common Name: Magnesium Evidence of Efficacy: Magnesium deficiency or imbalance plays a role in the symptoms of mood disorders. Observational and experimental studies have shown an association between magnesium and aggression 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, anxiety 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, ADHD 16, 17, 18, bipolar disorder 19, 20 ,21, depression 22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35, premenstrual syndrome 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, and schizophrenia 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65 ,66 ,67 ,68 ,69, 70. References: 1. Izenwasser SE et al. Stimulant-like effects of magnesium on aggression in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 25(6):1195-9, 1986. 2. Henrotte JG. Type A behavior and magnesium metabolism. Magnesium 5:201-10, 1986. 3. Bennett CPW, McEwen LM, McEwen HC, Rose EL. The Shipley Project: treating food allergy to prevent criminal behaviour in community settings. J Nutr Environ Med 8:77-83, 1998. 4. Kirow GK, Birch NJ, Steadman P, Ramsey RG. Plasma magnesium levels in a population of psychiatric patients: correlation with symptoms. Neuropsychobiology 30(2-3):73-8, 1994. 5. Kantak KM. Magnesium deficiency alters aggressive behavior and catecholamine function. Behav Neurosci 102(2):304-11, 1988. 6. Izenwasser SE, Garcia-Valdez K, Kantak KM. Stimulant-like effects of magnesium on aggression in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 25(6):1195-9, 1986. 7. Struempler RE et al. Hair mineral analysis and disruptive behavior in clinically normal young men. J Learn Disabil 18(10):609-12, 1985. 8. Banki CM, Vojnik M, Papp Z, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid magnesium and calcium related to amine metabolites, diagnosis, and suicide attempts. Biol Psychiatry 20(2):163-71, 1985. 9. Schmidt K, Wier WR, Asch M. Clinical ecology treatment approach for juvenile offenders. J Behav Ecology: Biosocial 2(1), 1981. 10. Von Hilsheimer G, Philpott W, Buckley W, Klotz SC. Correcting the incorrigible. A report on 229 "incorrigible" adolescents. Am Lab 107:22-49, 1977. 11. Buist RA. Anxiety neurosis: The lactate connection. Int Clin Nutr Rev 5:1-4, 1985. 12. Seelig MS, Berger AR, Spieholz N. Latent tetany and anxiety, marginal Mg deficit, and normocalcemia. Dis Nerv Syst 36:461-5, 1975. 13. Durlach J, Durlach V, Bac P, et al. Magnesium and therapeutics. Magnes Res 7(3/4):313-28, 1994. 14. Kirov GK, Tsachev KN. Magnesium, schizophrenia and manic-depressive disease. Neuropsychobiology 23(2):79-81, 1990. 15. Weston PG et al. Magnesium sulphate as a sedative. Am J Med Sci 165:431-3, 1923. 16. Durlach J. Clinical aspects of chronic magnesium deficiency, in MS Seelig, Ed. Magnesium in Health and Disease. New York, Spectrum Publications, 1980. 17. Kozielec T, Starobrat-Hermelin B. Assessment of magnesium levels in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Magnes Res 10(2):143-8, 1997. 18. Starobrat-Hermelin B, Kozielec T. The effects of magnesium physiological supplementation on hyperactivity in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Positive response to magnesium oral loading test. Magnes Res 10(2):149-56, 1997. 19. George MS, Rosenstein D, Rubinow DR, et al. CSF magnesium in affective disorder: lack of correlation with clinical course of treatment. Psychiatry Res 51(2):139-46, 1994. 20. Kirov GK, Birch NJ, Steadman P, Ramsey RG. Plasma magnesium levels in a population of psychiatric patients: correlations with symptoms. Neuropsychobiology 1994;30(2-3):73-8, 1994. 21. Chouinard G, Beauclair L, Geiser R, Etienne P. A pilot study of magnesium aspartate hydrochloride (Magnesiocard) as a mood stabilizer for rapid cycling bipolar affective disorder patients. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 14(2):171-180, 1990. 22. Kirow GK, Birch NJ, Steadman P, Ramsey RG. Plasma magnesium levels in a population of psychiatric patients: correlation with symptoms. Neuropsychobiology 30(2-3):73-8, 1994. 23. Linder J et al. Calcium and magnesium concentrations in affective disorder: Difference between plasma and serum in relation to symptoms. Acta Psychiatr Scand 80:527-37, 1989. 24. Frazer A et al. Plasma and erythrocyte electrolytes in affective disorders. J Affect Disord 5(2):103-13, 1983. 25. Bjorum N. Electrolytes in blood in endogenous depression. Acta Psychiatr Scand 48:59-68, 1972. 26. Cade JFJA. A significant elevation of plasma magnesium levels in schizophrenia and depressive states. Med J Aust 1:195-6, 1964. 27. Kirov GK, Tsachev KN. Magnesium, schizophrenia and manic-depressive disease. Neuropsychobiology 23(2):79-81, 1990. 28. Hall RCW, Joffe JR. Hypomagnesemia: Physical and psychiatric symptoms. JAMA 224:1749-51, 1973. 29. Frizel D, Coppen A, Marks V. Plasma magnesium and calcium in depression. Br J Psychiatry 115:1375-7, 1969. 30. Frizel D et al. Plasma calcium and magnesium in depression. Br J Psychiatry 115:1375-7, 1969. 31. Hasey GM, D'Alessandro E, Cooke RG, Warsh JJ. The interface between thyroid activity, magnesium, and depression: A pilot study. Biol Psychiatry 33:133-5, 1993. 32. Linder J et al. Calcium and magnesium concentrations in affective disorder: Difference between plasma and serum in relation to symptoms. Acta Psychiatr Scand 80:527-37, 1989. 33. Frazer A et al. Plasma and erythrocyte electrolytes in affective disorders. J Affect Disord 5(2):103-13, 1983]. 34. Banki CM et al. Aminergic studies and cerebrospinal fluid cations in suicide. Ann N Y Acad Sci 487:221-30, 1986. 35. Banki CM et al. Cerebrospinal fluid magnesium and calcium related to amine metabolites, diagnosis, and suicide attempts. Biol Psychiatry 20:163-71, 1985. 36. Posaci C, Erten O, Uren A, Acar B. Plasma copper, zinc and magnesium levels in patients with premenstrual tension syndrome. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 73(6):452-5, 1994. 37. Rosenstein DL et al. Magnesium measures across the menstrual cycle in premenstrual syndrome. Biol Psychiatry 35:557-61, 1994. 38. Chuong CJ, Dawson EB., Magnesium levels in premenstrual syndrome. Nutr Res 14(11):1623-34, 1994. 39. Mira M, Stewart PM, Abraham SF. Vitamin and trace element status in premenstrual syndrome. Am J Clin Nutr 47:636-41, 1988. 40. Sherwood RA, Rocks BF, Stewart A, Saxton RS. Magnesium and the premenstrual syndrome. Ann Clin Biochem 23(6):667;70, 1986. 41. Stebbing JB et al., Reactive hypoglycaemia and magnesium. Magnesium Bull 4(2):131-4, 1982. 42. Rosenstein DL et al. Magnesium measures across the menstrual cycle in premenstrual syndrome. Biol Psychiatry 35:557-61, 1994. 43. Stewart A., Clinical and biochemical effects of nutritional supplementation on the premenstrual syndrome. J Reprod Med 32:435-41, 1987. 44. Sherwood RA, Rocks BF, Stewart A, Saxton RS. Magnesium and the premenstrual syndrome. Ann Clin Biochem 23(6):667-70, 1986. 45. Stebbing JB et al., Reactive hypoglycaemia and magnesium. Magnesium Bull 4(2):131-4, 1982. 46. Abraham GE. Magnesium deficiency in premenstrual tension. Magnesium Bull 1:68-73, 1982. 47. Abraham GE, Lubran MM. Serum and red cell magnesium levels in patients with premenstrual tension. Am J Clin Nutr 34(11):2364-6, 1981. 48. Rosenstein DL et al. Magnesium measures across the menstrual cycle in premenstrual syndrome. Biol Psychiatry 35:557-61, 1994. 49. Stewart A., Clinical and biochemical effects of nutritional supplementation on the premenstrual syndrome. J Reprod Med 32:435-41, 1987. 50. Stebbing JB et al. Reactive hypoglycaemia and magnesium. Magnesium Bull 4(2):131-4, 1982. 51. Brown RC, Bidlack WR. Regulation of glucuronyl transferase by intracellular magnesium, in Proceedings of the International Symposium on Magnesium and its Relationship to Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Disorders. Los Angeles, 1985:24. 52. Curry DL et al. Magnesium modulation of glucose-induced insulin secretion by the perfused rat pancreas. Endocrinology 101:203, 1977. 53. Abraham GE. Management of the premenstrual tension syndromes: Rationale for a nutritional approach, in J Bland, Ed. 1986: A Year in Nutritional Medicine. New Canaan, CT, Keats Publishing, 1986:125-66. 54. Brown RC, Bidlack WR. Regulation of glucuronyl transferase by intracellular magnesium, in Proceed Int Sympos Magnesium and its Relationship to Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Disorders. Los Angeles, 1985:24. 55.Cunnane SC, Horrobin DF. Parnteral linoleic and gamma-linolenic acids ameliorate the gross effects of zinc deficiency. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 164:583, 1980. 56. Facchinetti F, Bolrella P, Sances G, et al. Oral magnesium successfully relieves premenstrual mood changes. Obstet Gynecol 78(2):177-81, 1991. 57. Facchinetti F et al. Magnesium prophylaxis of menstrual migraine: effects of intracellular magnesium. Headache 31:298-304, 1991. 58. Levine J, Rapoport A, Mashiah M, Dolev E. Serum and cerebrospinal levels of calcium and magnesium in acute versus remitted schizophrenic patients. Neuropsychobiology 33(4):169-72, 1996. 59. Kirow GK, Birch NJ, Steadman P, Ramsey RG. Plasma magnesium levels in a population of psychiatric patients: correlation with symptoms. Neuropsychobiology 30(2-3):73-8, 1994. 60. Kanofsky JD et al. Is iatrogenic hypomagnesemia common in schizophrenia? Abstract. J Am Coll Nutr 10(5):537, 1991. 61. Kirov GK, Tsachev KN. Magnesium, schizophrenia and manic-depressive disease. Neuropsychobiology 23(2):79-81, 1990. 62. Chhatre SM et al. Serum magnesium levels in schizophrenia. Ind J Med Sci 39(11):259-61, 1985. 63. Paul EA et al. Serum calcium and magnesium in schizophrenia. Relationship to clinical phenomena and neuroleptic treatment. Br J Psych 133:143-9, 1978. 64. Daly RM, Gold G. Serum magnesium levels in nonacute schizophrenics. N Y State J Med 76:188-9, 1976. 65. Hakim AH et al. A comparative study of serum calcium and magnesium in cases of endogenous depression, reactive depression, schizophrenia and conversion reaction. J Assn Phys Ind 23:513-17, 1975. 66. Pandey SK et al. An estimation of magnesium and calcium in serum and CSF in schizophrenia. J Assn Phys Ind 21:203-5, 1973. 67. Chugh TD et al. Magnesium in schizophrenia. Ind J Med Res 61:998-1001, 1973. 68. Cade JFJ. A significant elevation of plasma magnesium level in schizophrenia and depressive states. Med J Aust 1:195-6, 1964. 69. Kornhuber J, Lange KW, Kruzik P, et al. Iron, copper, zinc, magnesium, and calcium in postmortem brain tissue from schizophrenic patients. Biol Psychiatry 36(1):31-4, 1994. 70. Levine J, Rapoport A, Mashiah M, Dolev E. Serum and cerebrospinal levels of calcium and magnesium in acute versus remitted schizophrenic patients. Neuropsychobiology 33(4):169-72, 1996.