EFAs and ADHD

Behavioural disorders, impulsivity and violent behaviour Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterised by inattentive, impulsive and hyperactive behaviour occurring in children but some aspects of the condition may persist into adulthood (Richardson and Puri 2000, Richardson and Ross 2000, Arnold 2001). ADHD is a significant and increasing problem. It is estimated that it affects about 2% of school-aged children in the UK and 4% of school-aged children in the USA (Richardson and Puri 2000) and the use of medication to treat ADHD has increased dramatically in the last 10 years. Results of one study suggest that fish consumption may be associated with violent and impulsive behaviour (Hibbeln 2001). This cross-national survey of seafood consumption in 26 countries found that those with higher rates of seafood consumption tended to have lower rates of mortality due to homicide. The authors point out, however, there were many potentially confounding factors in this study and the hypothesis that fish consumption may help to reduce impulsive and violent behaviour should be tested in double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. Boys aged 6-12 years with ADHD were found to have significantly lower plasma levels of AA, EPA and DHA compared to normal controls (Stevens, Zentall, Deck et al 1995). In a further study of boys of the same age, significantly greater scores indicating behaviour problems, temper tantrums and sleep problems were reported in subjects with lower plasma total n-3 fatty acid concentrations (Stevens, Zentall, Abate et al 1995). However, a double-blind placebo controlled trial of DHA supplementation (345 mg/day for 4 months) in children with ADHD found that DHA treatment did not decrease ADHD symptoms compared with placebo (Voigt, Llorente, Jensen et al 2001). The authors pointed out however, that lack of response to DHA supplementation did not necessarily mean that a low brain content of DHA is not involved in the aetiology of ADHD. It is possible that in the population studied, a benefit of DHA was not produced because other essential nutrients were also lacking. It was suggested in recent reviews that ADHD may be linked to some other behavioural and neurological disorders, namely dyslexia, dyspraxia and autism, by an involvement of fatty acid metabolism (Richardson and Ross 2000; Bell, Sargent, Tocher et al 2000) and some studies of violent, impulsive and antisocial behaviour have also made this connection. Such behaviour has been linked to tissue deficiencies of n-3 fatty acids (Corrigan, Gray, Strathdee et al 1994; Stevens, Zentall , Deck et al 1995; Stevens, Zentall, Abate et al 1995; Hibbeln, Umhau, Linnoila et al 1998; Burgess, Stevens, Zhang et al 2000) and other nutrients including vitamins and minerals (Schoenthaler, Amos, Doraz et al 1997, Walsh, Isaacson, Rehman et al 1997). Virkkunen, Horrobin, Jenkins et al (1986) found that in a group of violent and impulsive offenders, plasma DHA was significantly lower than controls while n6 fatty acids were significantly elevated. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial on young adult male prisoners, dietary supplementation with vitamins and minerals, as well as fish oil (80 mg per day EPA and 44 mg per day DHA) and evening primrose oil, resulted in 26% fewer disciplinary offences in the supplemented group compared to placebo and 35% fewer disciplinary offences in the supplemented group compared to the baseline frequency (Gesch, Hammond, Hampson et al 2002). A recent double-blind placebo-controlled trial investigated the effects of dietary supplementation for 12 weeks with tuna oil (186 mg per day EPA, 480 mg per day DHA) and evening primrose oil in children with specific learning difficulties such as dyslexia (Richardson and Puri 2002). It was found that supplementation produced significant benefits. It has also been suggested that DHA in particular might be useful in treatment of dyslexia and dyspraxia as well as ADHD (Stordy 1995, 1997, 2000). Dyspraxia is a condition involving reduced motor skills manifesting as excessive clumsiness and there is a close link between dyspraxia and dyslexia (Stordy 1997). Stordy (1995) reported that, in a preliminary study, supplementation for one month with 480 mg per day DHA significantly improved an aspect of vision called dark adaptation in five dyslexic children. In a later open study of 15 children with dyspraxia, supplementation with the same dose of tuna oil and evening primrose oil as used in the study by Richardson and Puri (2002), produced significant improvements in scores for manual dexterity, ball skills and static and dynamic balance. The studies described above, of impulsive and violent behaviour amongst prisoners and its possible association with PUFA status (Virkkunen, Horrobin, Jenkins et al 1986, Gesch, Hammond, Hampson et al 2002) may be compared to a series of studies of aggression in Japanese students. Hamazaki, Sawazaki, Itomura et al (1996) conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of fish oil supplementation (1.5-1.8 g DHA per day) and after three months of treatment, aggression scores were significantly lower in the DHA group compared to placebo. However, the reason for the difference was that aggression scores in the placebo group had increased while those in the DHA group did not change significantly. The difference was accounted for by the fact that the final assessment in the trial occurred just before academic examinations, which it was suggested had caused psychological stress. A similar trial was conducted on different students who did not face such stress and no significant change in hostility was recorded in the DHA or placebo group (Hamazaki, Sawazaki, Nagao et al 1998). The authors concluded that DHA administration could help to control aggression only at times of psychological stress (Hamazaki, Sawazaki, Itomura et al 2001). Hibbeln, Umhau, George et al (1997) pointed out that an apparent prevention of increased aggression is surprising because baseline intake of n-3 PUFA in the study population was relatively high. In a third double-blind, placebo- controlled trial on students. Plasma catecholamines were measured during a two-month period of continuous psychological stress due to university examinations (Sawazaki, Hamazaki, Yazawa et al 1999). In the DHA group, who took 1.5g DHA per day during the examination period, noradrenaline levels were significantly reduced. The authors interpreted this change as indicating that subjects in the DHA group adapted to stress more favourably than controls and that DHA may help to reduce the risk of stress-related diseases in individuals under long-lasting psychological stress (Hamazaki, Sawazaki, Nagasawa et al 1999, Hamazaki, Itomura, Sawazaki et al 2000). In another study by the same group, Thai subjects aged 50-60 years, from a university and surrounding villages, were studied in a double-blind placebo-controlled trial in which the treatment was the same DHA supplement as used in the previous trials (Hamazaki, Thienprasert, Kheovichai et al 2002). DHA administration reduced aggression scores amongst university employees but not amongst village-dwellers. The authors speculated that the difference was caused by a larger placebo effect amongst villagers or a lower sensitivity amongst villagers to the psychological stressor (a video of stressful events) used in the study. Conclusion The epidemiological evidence that DHA-deficiency is a cause of violent and impulsive behaviour is supportive but not conclusive. Also, the few available studies of plasma fatty acids demonstrate lower DHA levels in individuals with ADHD. Data from supplementation studies are inconsistent but there are sufficient positive results to strengthen the view that DHA deficiency may be associated with adverse behavioural consequences.

Non-medical solutions for ADHD

http://www.wisechoiceeducationalservices.com/articles/article10.html By Suzanne Day Parents of children with learning or attention problems will often react negatively to the use of medications, which are recommended by the medical profession. However, what parents really need and want is guidance in their search for solutions. This article attempts only to guide parents to a better understanding of the different aspects of the biochemical components of learning difficulties and attention behavioural problems. I do not pretend to be an expert in the nutrition but an expert on the brain, which is fuelled by nutrition. Parents and professionals dealing with attention deficits in children observe the food-mood connection, which is more evident in some children than others. Behaviours are based on thoughts and memories processed in the brain. The neurons (brain cells) transmit information as electrical signals with the use of neurotransmitters. These transmissions constitute the biochemical basis for changes in behaviours. The brain, one of the most vital organs of the body, receives its nutrition directly from the blood stream. Therefore, balanced nutrients will enhance the biochemical and electrical functions of the brain, which in turn affect learning. Imbalance of nutrients, especially through a diet of junk food, snack and fast food, will have an adverse effect, aggravating or intensifing learning and behavioural problems. The efficient functioning of the brain requires at least the essential amino acids, essential fatty acids, essential monosaccharides (glyconutirents), vitamins, minerals, and water. Essential Amino Acids Proteins provide the needed amino acids to build healthy nerve cells. These nerve cells then provide new connections to increase retrieval (memory). Most children with learning and attention difficulties need to consume more proteins, rather than starch and sugar. However, Dr. Amen in his book Healing ADD, has found that children with obsessive-compulsive behaviours require a balanced diet of protein and starch. He also explains that these children may also benefit from additional specific amino acids which are precursors of the neurotransmitters that help with the neurotransmission of the electric influx into the brain. For example, tyrosine is a building block for dopamine (control of movements, pleasure centers, and motivation). Tyrosine is a non-essential amino acid which is abundant in brown rice, leafy vegetables, and milk. Tyrosine is considered a “spark protein”. This amino acid as a supplement is known as L-tyrosine, and should be taken on an empty stomach. Tryptophan and 5-HTP are essential amino acids and are building blocks for the neurotransmitter serotonin, which controls our emotions and our sleeping patterns. Tryptophan is considered a “sedative-protein”. Most vegetables and nuts contain tryptophan. GABA, still another essential neurotransmitter, is an anti-anxiety agent. GABA is formed in the body by glutamic acid that can be synthesized from other amino acids. Phenylalanine is an amino acid precursor of norepinephrine (arousal and attention) coming in the form of DLAP as a nutritional supplement. Proteins are essential because they contain the necessary amino acids to build healthy nerve cells. Whether supplemented or taken in the diet, amino acids must be present for children to be able to overcome with learning difficulties or those with behavioural issues. Essential Fatty Acids Dr. Michael Lyon has done extensive research to better understand some of the main nutritional root causes of attention difficulties. The essential fatty acids, omega-3 and omega-6, are required by every cell in the human body and especially in the brain which is 60% fat. These essential fatty acids seems to be greatly involved in the ability to stay focused and complete tasks. The most commonly available omega-3 fatty acids is known as alpha linolenic acid (ALA) and can be found in large quantity in flax seed oil. The omega-6 fatty acid is known as linoleic acid (LA) and can be found in pumkin , sunflower, or sesame seeds. We recommend that you use a coffee grinder and grind your seeds as you need them because they start loosing the value as soon as the seed is broken. Only if the right enzymes are present in the body, will these acids be converted to incorporate them in the brain and the immune system. However, too often the body is inefficient in converting them. The best sources of essential fatty acids are the fish oils: tuna, salmon, and cod. Hydrogenation and Trans-fatty Acids Dr Lyon as well as many other experts on this topic, warns about the use of hydrogenated fats and trans-fatty acids ( the margarine, shortening, and cooking oils) which contain almost no essential fatty acids. Hydrogenation, the most common way of drastically changing natural oils, heats oils at high temperatures. The heat alters the molecule structure, which in turn interferes with the biochemical processes, “clogging” our physiological systems, our brains included. Udo Erasmus explains that “the molecule has its “head on backwards.” Not only does the heated oil looses its nutrients, but a catalyst (heavy metals like aluminium) is added, leaving remnants in these oils that are eaten by people. Udo Erasmus concludes “The 60 grams (2 ounces) of margarine and shortening we consume each day contain more than twice as many “food additives” than are found in the other 2640 grams of food that men consume each day (1740grams by women).” “Leaky Gut” and Debris in the Blood Dr. Lyon states, "Optimal digestion, good nutrient absorption and a leak proof gut are essential for good health." Based on his experience, brain health and gut health are vitally linked. In his book, Is Your Child's Brain Starving, he explains that most children with attention deficit and hyperactivity present a “leaky gut”. As well, they lack friendly bacteria in the gut, and have different types of intestinal parasites. Let’s explain briefly the term “leaky gut”. Normally the lining of the small intestine protects us from undigested food getting into the blood stream. Unfortunately, due to different factors including the excessive consumption of starchy or sugary foods, which ADD children crave, the tight junctions between cells of the intestinal lining detach and gaps form between the cells. This leaky gut allows molecular debris to circulate throughout the entire body, interfering with organ functions. The brain is one of our vital organs and these irritants adversely affect it. Milk and its Molecule Modification One of the most common types of molecular debris is milk protein. Milk has always been recognized as an essential nutrient for building healthy bodies. However, new research has shown that milk can create allergies and seems to be the cause of many ear infections. What is happening? The problem is not the milk, but what happens when milk is homogenized and radiated. Homogenizing milk breaks down the fat molecules into minute particles, which can cross the gut barrier and be absorbed into the blood stream. This causes many problems including allergic reactions and ear infections. These “foreign” protein molecules weaken the immune system because the body recognizes the milk protein as an enemy. Organs, like the brain, are often attacked. Although, soya milk is often used to replace cows’ milk, it appears to be difficult to digest for some children, who lack the necessary enzymes. See the article “Why you should avoid Soy”, by Sally Fallon (www.mercola.com/article/soy/avoid_soy.) Healing the “Leaky Gut” Research has confirmed what Dr. Lyon found with ADD: behaviour problems, including attention problems, autism, and schizophrenia, are often linked to intestinal problems. Elaine Gottschall has brought relief to thousands with her research and her diet. In her book, Breaking the Vicious Cycle, she explains the importance of a healthy intestinal tract. According to her, inefficiency in digesting double sugars, disaccharides like table sugar and polysaccharides, leads to mal-absorption and inflammatory bowel disease. Her diet, the ‘Specific Carbohydrate Diet’, is based on a monosaccharide diet (one molecule of sugar) like glucose. Interestingly, neurobiologists have discovered that more than 90% of all the serotonin (a neurotransmitter) made and then stored, is in the gut. The lack of serotonin is blamed for depression, anxiety, and insomnia. Poor digestion, absorption and elimination may lead to mental, emotional and physical sickness. White Sugar and Hypoglycemia In my work with children with learning and attention problems, I regularly witness the fact that these children often crave sugar and starch (starch becomes sugar after it is metabolized.) Parents and educators often observe, that these children are hyperactive for a short period and then a few hours later, they become lethargic. A high sugar food made with white sugar like a chocolate bar, a soda pop, or candies, stimulate the pancreas to secrete insulin which triggers cells throughout the body to pull the excess glucose out of the bloodstream and store it for later use. Soon, the glucose available to the brain has dropped. Neurons, unable to store glucose, experience an energy crisis. The ability to focus and think suffers. This glucose deficiency is called hypoglycemia, and it can even lead to unconsciousness. The Very “Bad” Sugar: Aspartame Much research has been done on Aspartame, an artificial sweetener, used in such brands as Equal and Nutrasweet. It is about 200 times sweeter than the refined sugar. Dr. Mercola reports that “Aspartame complaints represent 80-85% of food complaints registered with the FDA. In 1991, the National Institutes of Health listed 167 symptoms and reasons to avoid the use of aspartame, but today it remains a multi-million dollar business. Known to erode intelligence and affect short-term memory, the components of this toxic sweetener may lead to a wide variety of ailments…” (the list is included in his article from his web site). He recommends an helpful documentary on this subject Sweet Misery: A Poisoned World. The “Good Sugars”: the Glyconutrients A team from the University of Arkansas, directed by Dr. Dykman has conducted special studies evaluating the effects of different types of sugars (glyconutrients) upon brain function. The term glyconutrient refers to sugars that are absolutely essential for proper cellular survival and function, especially for the immune system cells. Most people know about glucose (from sucrose or white sugar) and galactose (from milk). However, little is known about the other six essential sugars, which are not readily available through a regular diet and need to be metabolized. Abundant research studies have identified the eight essential sugars (monosaccharides) needed for cells to communicate. This fact is noted in the latest Harper Biochemistry Dictionary, a medical desk reference. Dr. Dykman‘s study, found that certain single-cell sugars or monosaccharides enhanced brainwave frequencies associated with attention and alertness, increased reaction time, and concentration. Studies clearly show the important benefits children receive from ingesting these eight essential sugars as a nutritional supplement. “Breakfast Eaters” have Better Attention Span than “Breakfast Skippers” There are many components in a child’s diet, which will have a direct affect on brain function, behaviour and academic performance. William Sears, M.D. and Lynda Thompson, PhD in their A.D.D. Book, consecrated one chapter to the subject of feeding a child's brain. According to them, "it is not only the type of food but when and how you eat it that affects brain function." Their studies show that breakfast eaters, especially those that eat a breakfast rich in protein and calcium, generally have higher grades. Breakfast skippers, on the other hand, are more likely to be sluggish and overeat throughout the rest of the day. This is observed in the change of the brain waves patterns of children training with neurofeedback at our office. We frequently observe an increase in the theta wave (the slow waves (corresponding to a tune-out mental set) after a child has eaten sugary cereals or worst after eating pancakes with maple syrup for breakfast! Neurofeedback uses a quantitative electroencephalogram (QEEG) (see article on neurofeedback training for attention span). Obviously, if a child has an increase in slow brain waves, he/she will be sluggish at school and this will have an adverse impact on behaviour and grades. The Need of Supplements in our Diet It is well recognized even by the American Medical Association that we now need to add to our diets vitamin and mineral supplements because of our depleted soils. Adding to the pesticides and other chemicals polluting added to our food chain, fruits and vegetables are lacking the essential nutrients, called “phytonutrients” because they are often picked before they ripen. These “phytonutrients” strengthen our immune systems and work like enzymes aiding digestion and absorption. Supplementing the diet with enzymes will often help people with learning and attention difficulties because the lack of digestion and absorption is often one of their physiological weaknesses. Heavy Metals and Brain Function Unfortunately, heavy metals like mercury, lead, and aluminum found in our drinking water, water pipes, some vaccines, some junk food, and the air we breathe (are just some of the source of heavy metals ingestion) interfere with the absorption of necessary minerals, like zinc. Research has shown that high intercellular copper levels and low zinc levels cause many children to be hyperactive. Antioxidants are essentials in neutralizing free radicals oxidative stress (like rust produced on metal ) that heavy metals create. Chelation can be used to remove heavy metals from the body, preventing any interference in vitamin and mineral absorption and allowing the body to replenish the cells with the healthy metals. Water and the brain health Drinking several glasses of water per day is essential, but few do it. Dr. F. Batmanghelidj's book, Your Body's Many Cries for Water (you are not sick, you are thirsty) will motivate its readers to drink water. Here is an excerpt from his book: "The human body is composed of 25% solid matter and 75% water. Brain tissue is said to consist of 85% water. Every function of the body is monitored and pegged to the efficient flow of water. “Water distribution” is the only way of making sure that not only an adequate amount of water, but its transported elements (hormones, chemical messengers, and nutrients) first reach the more vital organs.” With the use of the QEEG , I have regularly observed children, gaining more control over their slow brain waves, after drinking a glass of water. Water is necessary for the body, but not all water is equal. Chlorine, which is present in city tap water, will prevent the absorption of tyrosine, an important amino acid. Our water can also be contaminated with heavy metals. City tap water needs to be purified. Osmosis water filtering systems and distilled water filtering systems are not the best filtration methods for long-term consumption. Water from these types of filtration systems not only remove essential minerals, but this water will leach the body of its minerals. It is also interesting to know that the osmosis water has a “low pH” which means that the water is acidic and may interfere with the alkaline state of the body. Efficient water filtration systems are available and are able to remove harmful substances and yet retain the important minerals. Therefore, before children start consuming more water to transport nutrients to the body organs, attention needs to be paid to the type of water these children are ingesting. Genetically Engineered Food Our children’s health in the form of undiagnosed food allergies or intolerance to food (such as celiac disease) may be linked to genetically engineered food It is since 1997 that we have had a wide variety of unlabelled genetically-engineered foods enter our supermarket shelves. Genetic engineering has to do with implanting conglomerations of genes from viruses, bacteria, insects, and animals onto our fruits, grains, nuts, and vegetables. Would it be possible that one explanation of these allergies to nuts, unheard few years ago, could be linked with the modified structure of the nuts? For example, in tests conducted at the University of Nebraska and reported in the New England Journal of Medicine, researchers found that soybeans modified with genes from Brazil nuts produced proteins that resulted in extreme, potentially deadly allergic reactions in people sensitive to the nuts. The human body is amazingly designed. Scientist consider that we have approximately 70 trillions of cells in our body. These cells continually multiply and die resulting in having a brand new body every seven or eight years. The health of the body depends on the health of the cells which produce energy. This article enumerate some facts about the reasons why our brain can be weakened. The good news is that if we limit the ingestion of the “bad stuff” and feed the body with the nutrients it needs to function efficiently, the body can regenerate itself. To summarize, children and adults with behavioural, learning and attention problems Firstly, they should AVOID (as much as possible): * JUNK FOOD, snack food, and fast food * the genetically modified organisms * trans-fatty acids (hydrogenated oil), * food containing pesticides (www.ewg.org) * white sugar (pop, cereal, candy…) * white flour (pasta, pizza…) * food dyes (especially the red and yellow ones) * Aspartame (sugar substitute in candy and gum) and MSG (flavor enhancer) * caffeine and chocolate * homogenized milk and be careful with soya milk which is often difficult to digest * preservatives * carbonated drinks Secondly, they NEED: * vitamins (fruits, vegetables, whole grains) * minerals * phytochemical supplements * proteins (amino acids) * essential fatty acids * glyconutrients, eight essential monosaccharides (sugars) * drink daily more purified water (one quart of water for every fifty pounds of weight.) * probiotics, which are the good bacteria needed in the intestines * get rid of toxins through exercise and antioxidants (Vitamin C is excellent) * get rid of parasites * sleep well The intention of this article is to not create more problems, but to summarize the main nutritional issues related to learning and attention behaviours in order better understand some of the physical root problems of learning and attention behaviours. Pursue your research, and pray for wisdom that you may glean what you need to help your children and yourselves. Make the changes step by step. Ask God for wisdom to know what you cannot change and wisdom to know what you can and need to do. A professional assessment of your child’s balance of nutrients in relation to his/her learning and attention inefficiencies may helpful. If you need help in assessing the learning and attention inefficiencies of your child I would love to help you. Do not hesitate to contact us if you have any further questions or needs. “Behold, the eye of the Lord is upon them that fear him, upon them that hope in his mercy: to deliver their soul from death, and to keep them alive in famine. Our soul waiteth for the Lord: he is our help and our shield.” Psalm 33: 18-19 Resources To know more about glyconutrients (the good sugars): (phone David: 705-726-5971 or www.mannapages.com/davidday (the Canadian one)) Books Is Your Child's Brain Starving? Michael R. Lyon, M.D. Healing the Hyper Active Brain, Michael R. Lyon, M.D. (www.functionalmedecine.ca) Your Body's Many Cries for Water, F.Batmanghelidj, M.D. (www.watercure.com) The ADD Book, by William Sears, M.D. and Lynda Thompson, Ph.D. Breaking the Vicious Cycle, by . Elaine Gottschall (www.breakingtheviciouscycle.info) and (www.pecanbread.com) Fat that Heal, Fats that Kill, Udo Erasmus Miracle Sugars, Rita Elkins, M.H. The Second Brain, Your gut has a mind of its own, Michael D. Gershon, M.D. Healing ADD, Daniel G. Amen, M.D. (www.amenclinic.com) How to Survive on a Toxic Planet, Dr. Steve Nugent The Safe Shopper’s Bible. By Dr. Samuel Epstein, MD & David Steinman Nutrition and Mental Illness, by Carl C. Pfeiffer,Ph.D,M.D. Web sites: Dr Joseph Mercola (www.mercola.com) (look for the article "Why you should avoid Soy" by Sally Fallon and for the DVD "Sweet Misery: A Poisoned World") Environmental Causes of Learning Disabilities (www.chem-tox.com/pregnancy/learning_disabilities.htm) The Truth about Soy (www.soyonlineservice.co.nz) To know more about glyconutrients (the good sugars): (phone David: 705-726-5971 or www.mannapages.com/davidday (the Canadian one)) Copyright 2005 Suzanne Day, Neuropsychologist member of l’Ordre des psychologues du Québec

Gut Healing 1

HEALING A LEAKY GUT © What Doctors Don't Tell You (Volume 8, Issue 5) It's possible to cure a leaky gut with a nutrient dense diet and appropriate supplements. Many natural substances help repair the intestinal mucosal surface or support the liver when stressed by toxins. Your vitamin and mineral supplements should include all the B vitamins, vitamin A, C and E, zinc, selenium, molybdenum, manganese, and magnesium. Because of the association between increased gut permeability and pancreatic dysfunction, pancreatic enzymes may also be needed.Avoid drugs which damage the gut. Test for and get treated intestinal infection or dysfunction. If you haven't discovered all your allergies, follow a highly nutritious elimination diet, tailor made for you. The following substances can repair the gut wall: Epidermal growth factor (EGF), a polypeptide that stimulates growth and repair of epithelial tissue, is widely distributed in the body, with high concentrations detectable in saliva. Chew your food thoroughly, to increase salivary EGF. Also, purified EGF has been shown to heal ulceration of the small intestine (Lancet, 1993; 341: 843-8). Saccharomyces boulardii, a non pathogenic yeast originally isolated from the surface of lichee nuts, has been widely used in Europe to treat diarrhea. In France it is popularly called "Yeast against yeast" and is thought to help clear the skin in addition to the gut. Clinical trials have demonstrated the effectiveness of Saccharomyces boulardii in the treatment or prevention of diarrhea (Am J Gastroenterol, 1989; 84: 1285-7; Gastroenterol, 1989; 96; 981-8). Lactobacillus caseii var GG, a strain of lactobacillus isolated and purified in Finland, has been shown effective in the prevention of diarrhea and in the treatment of colitis. It also improves the gut permeability associated with rotavirus infection (Ann Med, 1990; 22: 57-9). Although the ability of other lactobacillus preparations to improve leaky gut has not been directly tested, it is suggested by the ability of live cultures of L acidophilus to diminish radiation induced diarrhea, a condition directly produced by the loss of mucosal integrity. Glutamine, the amino acid needed for the maintenance of intestinal metabolism, structure and function, has been shown to reverse all the gut abnormalities in patients fed intravenously. Glutamine also repairs gut lining damage caused by chemotherapy or radiation (Arch Surg, 1990; 125: 1040-5). Glutathione (GSH) is an important antioxidant. Lowered levels of liver glutathione is a common occurrence in leaky gut syndromes, contributing to liver dysfunction and liver necrosis among alcoholics and immune impairment in patients with AIDS. The most effective way to raise liver glutathione is to take its dietary precursors, systeine or methionine; the best supplements for leaky gut are GSH and N-acetyl cysteine. Avoid taking during treatment of parasite infection, especially with Artemisia. Take flavonoids before eating. They may block allergic reactions which increase permeability. Catechins have been used in Europe to treat gastric ulcerations; the flavonoids in milk thistle (silymarin) and in dandelion root (taraxacum) can protect the liver. Take essential fatty acids (EFAs), particularly gammalinolenic acid (GLA). In laboratory experiments, fish oil was able to prevent intestinal mucosal injury produced by methotrexate and protect the body from the toxins produced in the gut (Am J Clin Nutr, 1991; 54: 346-50). Take these in their most concentrated and physiologically active form to avoid exposure to large quantities of polyunsaturated fatty acids. If you are supplementing with dietary fibre, make sure you are taking hypoallergenic insoluble fibre and watch the amount. Too much may increase gut permeability (J Nutr, 1983; 113: 2300-7). Gamma oryzanol, derived from rice bran, has been extensively researched in Japan for its healing effects in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers and potent antioxidant activity (Rep Hokaido Inst Pub Health, 1966; 16: 111).

Essential Fatty Acids-Wiki

Essential fatty acids Main article: Essential fatty acid The human body can produce all but two of the fatty acids it needs. These two, linoleic acid (LA) and alpha-linolenic acid (LNA), are widely distributed in plant oils. In addition, fish oils contain the longer-chain omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Other marine oils, such as from seal, also contain significant amounts of docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), which is also an omega-3 fatty acid. Although the body to some extent can convert LA and LNA into these longer-chain omega-3 fatty acids, the omega-3 fatty acids found in marine oils help fulfil the requirement of essential fatty acids (and have been shown to have wholesome properties of their own). Since they cannot be made in the body from other substrates and must be supplied in food, they are called essential fatty acids. Mammals lack the ability to introduce double bonds in fatty acids beyond carbon 9 and 10.Hence linoleic acid(18:2:9,12)and linoleinic acid(18:3;9,12,15)are essential fatty acids for humans. In the body, essential fatty acids are primarily used to produce hormone-like substances that regulate a wide range of functions, including blood pressure, blood clotting, blood lipid levels, the immune response, and the inflammation response to injury infection. Essential fatty acids are polyunsaturated fatty acids and are the parent compounds of the omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acid series, respectively. They are essential in the human diet because there is no synthetic mechanism for them. Humans can easily make saturated fatty acids or monounsaturated fatty acids with a double bond at the omega-9 position, but do not have the enzymes necessary to introduce a double bond at the omega-3 or omega-6 position. The essential fatty acids are important in several human body systems, including the immune system and in blood pressure regulation, since they are used to make compounds such as prostaglandins. The brain has increased amounts of linolenic and alpha-linoleic acid derivatives. Changes in the levels and balance of these fatty acids due to a typical Western diet rich in omega-6 and poor in omega-3 fatty acids is alleged[citation needed] to be associated with depression and behavioral change, including violence. The actual connection, if any, is still under investigation. Further, changing to a diet richer in omega-3 fatty acids, or consumption of supplements to compensate for a dietary imbalance, has been associated with reduced violent behavior[1] and increased attention span, but the mechanisms for the effect are still unclear. So far, at least three human studies have shown results that support this: two school studies[citation needed][2] as well as a double blind study in a prison.[1][3][4] Fatty acids play an important role in the life and death of cardiac cells because they are essential fuels for mechanical and electrical activities of the heart

Epinephrine and arachidonic acid (EFA)

Effect of epinephrine and dibutyryl cyclic AMP on Δ5-desaturation activity of rat liver microsomes

I. N. T. de Gomez Dumm^{1, 2}, M. J. T. de Alaniz^{1, 2} and R. R. Brenner^{1, 2}

(1)	Instituto de Fisología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 1900 La Plata, Argentina

(2)	Present address: Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina

Received: 13 May 1980

Abstract The effect of epinephrine and dibutyryl cyclic AMP on the oxidative desaturation of [1-¹⁴C]-eicosatrienoic acid to arachidonic acid of rat liver microsomes has been studied. Epinephrine, at a dose of 1 mg/kg/body weight, produced a significant decrease on Δ5-desaturation activity 3 hr after the injection. This effect was maintained up to 12 hr and reached the control values 48 hr after the hormone administration. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP treatment for 24 hr (5 mg/8 hr/100 g body weight) also produced a significant decrease of the conversion of eicosatrienoic acid to arachidonic acid in rat liver microsomes. The effect of epinephrine on Δ5-desaturation activity was postulated to be evoked through an increase of the intracellular concentration of cyclic AMP.

Woody McGinnis' notes on ADHD and nutrients. Includes suggested supplements

Physical Health Profile in ADHD

1. Gastrointestinal Abnormality

• Colicky Infants and Older Children Diarrhea-Prone (V Colquhoun HACSG, Sussex UK 1987)
• Severe Stomach Aches (Am J Clin Nutr 1995; 62:761-8)
• Elevated Stool Creosols (Lancet 7.12.85)
• Ileal Lymphoid Nodular Hyperplasia (Lancet, July 18, 1998)
• Urinary Peptide Elevations-P. Shattock and A. Broughton
• Urinary Organic Acids Elevations- W. Shaw
• IAG Elevations-A. Broughton
• Parasitosis 67%-M. Lyon and J. Cline

2. Compromised Immunity

• More Infections and Antibiotics (Am J Clin Nutr 1995; 62: 761-8)
• Low Complement C4B (J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psych 1995; 34(8): 1009-14)

3. Detoxification Weakness

• Low-Level Lead Exposure Induces Hyperactivity in Rats (Science 182(116): 1022-1024
• Marked Improvement in 7 of 13 Chelated for "Non-Toxic" Lead Levels (A J Psych 1976 133(10): 1155-1158)
• Neonatal and Maternal Hair Lead Predict LD at Age 6 (Lancet 2:285 1987)
• Hair Lead Levels Correlate with Teacher-Rated and Physician-Diagnosed ADHD (Arch Environ Hlth 1996; 51(3): 214-20)
• Striking Chelation Results in 50 Vancouver Children (Turning Lead into Gold, paperback, Nancy Hallaway and Ziggert Strauts 1996)

4. Abnormal Nutritional Profile In ADHD

• Zinc Deficiency
  • Lower urinary, serum, nail and hair zinc than controls plus quick drop in serum and salivary zinc with double-blind tartrazine. United Kingdom. (J Nutr Med 1:51-57, 1990)
  • Plasma, erthrocytes, urine and hair lower than controls. Poland (Psychiatr Pol 28(3):345-53 1994)
  • Zinc deficiency in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Israel. (Biol Psychiatry 40(12):1308-10 1996)
  • Serum zinc--and free fatty acids--lower. Turkey. (J Child Psychol Psychiatry 37(2):225-7 1996)
  • In vitro study demonstrates decreased loss of fatty acids from mesenteric phospholipids with perfusion of physiological zinc. Canada. (Can J Physiol Pharmacol 68(7): 903-907 1990)

• Fatty Acid Deficiency
  • Lower serum DHA, DGLA and AA in hyperactives than controls. (Clin Pediatr 26(8):406-411 1987)
  • Double-blind administration of evening primrose oil to a subgroup of prior study was associated with improved parent ratings for Attention and Excess Motor Activity compared to placebo. (J Abn Child Psychol 15(1): 75-9 1987)
  • Evening Primrose oil (GLA) 1 gram/day improved 53 of 79 hyperactive children selected as a subgroup on the basis of mood swings. The most striking improvement was noted in children with sleep disorders, crying spells and family history of alcohol or bipolar. (Muriel Blackburn, Crawley Hospital, Sussex , U.K.)
  • Lower plasma DHA, EPA and AA, and lower RBC AA in ADHD than controls (Am J Clin Nutr 62: 761-8 1995)
  • (Same group above correlated greater tendency to behavioral problems with lower total plasma Omega-3, more colds and antibiotics with lower total Omega-6. Physiology and Behavior Vol 59, Nos. 4/5 915-920 1996)
  • Zinc and Evening Primrose Oil the mainstay for thousands of successes claimed by the HACSG, Sussex England (Personal Communication, Vicky Colquhoun 1997)

• Magnesium Deficiency
  • Magnesium deficiency measured in 95% of 116 Polish children with ADHD: 78% low hair, 59% low RBC's, 34% low serum. (Magnesium Research 10(2): 143-148 1997)
  • Double-blind adminstration of 200 mg elemental magnesium per day to 25 of the above group produced measurable decrease in hyperactivity over 6 months compared to control. (Magnesium Research 10(2): 149-156 1997)

• Iron Deficiency
  • Preliminary study showed improved behavior in nonanemic hyper-actives given 5 mg/kg/day of Iron for 30 days, with significant increase in serum ferritin. (Neuropsychobiology 1997; 35(4):178-80)
  • Lower Iron plasma, RBC, Urine and Hair levels in 50 Hyperactives (Psychiatr Pol 1994; 28(3): 343-53)

• Calcium Deficiency
  • Plasma, RBC, urine and hair Calcium in 50 hyperactive Polish children lower than controls. (Psychiatry Pol 1994; 28(3):

• B6 in ADHD
  • B6 to hyperactives with low serotonin levels resulted in normal serotonin levels and behavior. (Pediatrics 55: 437-41, 1975)
  • B6 to 6 hyperactives with low serotonin levels increased serotonin and reduced hyperactivity better than Ritalin in double blind cross-over. Benefit carried over into the following placebo period, but not with Ritalin. (Biol Psychiatry 14(5):741-51 1979)
  • Significant subgroup of patients with ADHD (and Autism) found to have pyrroluria by Bill Walsh (Pfeiffer Treatment Center, Napperville, IL) and Hugh Riordan (BioCenter, Wichita KS). Good clinical track record for response to generous B6 and Zinc in thousands of pyrroluric patients. (Walsh also finds Biotin very useful in "slender malabsorber group")

• B12 in ADHD
  • Elevated urinary methylmalonic acid and early reports of response to oral B12 from John Linnell, research director at The Children's Medical Charity, U.K. Some reports of response to B12 shots.

Emerging Possibilities

• VITAMIN A HYPOTHESIS- M Megson
• CALCIUM DYSREGULATION HYPOTHESIS-W McGinnis

Interventional Strategies for Behavioral Children

1. OPTIMIZE NUTRITION

• Low Glycemic
• Big Breakfast, Protein First, Frequent Meals
• Good Fats
• No Excitotoxins
• Organic as Possible
• Plenty of Fiber
• Careful with the Copper

• Baseline CBC, UA, Thyroid
• Urinary pyrrole
• RBC Fatty Acid Analysis
• Hair Mineral Analysis/Other Mineral Studies
• (PHF)

Start with these incrementally, continue until proven otherwise:

• Zinc with Manganese
• B6 (and/or P-5-P) with Magnesium
• Calcium
• Vitamins C and E

Then Address Fatty Acids

• Evening Primrose for GLA (Careful Seizures or Asthma)
• Cod Liver Oil (Provides Vit A and D plus EPA/DHA)
• Fish Oil or Neuromins for additional Omega 3

Other: B12, Biotin, Taurine, MSM, Folate, DMG, Amino Acids, Mb, Fe

2. ADDRESS OVERGROWTHS AND GUT CARE

• O&P at a bare minimum
• Urinary Organic Acids

• Nystatin/Oral Amphotericin/Diflucan/Cranberry/Grapefruit Seed

• Reconsider NSAIDS
• Fiber/FOS/Glutamine/Glucosamine
• Pentosan Polysulphate ("Elmiron")?
• Re-populate bowel with probiotics
• Creon or other digestive enzymes

3. ADDRESS FOOD INTOLERANCES

• IgG food antibody blood testing

• Urinary Peptides
• Address lactose, phenolic and high-arabinose intolerance.

ADDers Are More Likely to Have Fatty Acid Deficiencies

Omegas and ADD A Purdue University study showed that kids low in Omega-3 essential fatty acids are significantly more likely to be hyperactive, have learning disorders, and to display behavioral problems. Omega-3 deficiencies have also been tied to dyslexia, violence, depression, memory problems, weight gain, cancer, heart disease, eczema, allergies, inflammatory diseases, arthritis, diabetes, and many other conditions. Over 2,000 scientific studies have demonstrated the wide range of problems associated with Omega-3 deficiencies. The American diet is almost devoid of Omega 3's except for certain types of fish. In fact, researchers believe that about 60% of Americans are deficient in Omega-3 fatty acids, and about 20% have so little that test methods cannot even detect any in their blood. Your brain is more than 60% structural fat, just as your muscles are made of protein and your bones are made of calcium. But it's not just any fat that our brains are made of. It has to be certain types of fats, and we no longer eat these types of fats like we used to. Worse, we eat man-made trans-fats and excessive amounts of saturated fats and vegetable oils high in Omega-6 fatty acids, all of which interfere which our body's attempt to utilize the tiny amount of Omega-3 fats that it gets. Other parts of our bodies also need Omega-3 fatty acids. Symptoms of fatty acid deficiency include a variety of skin problems such as eczema, thick patches of skin, and cracked heels. In the fall of 1998, after reading about the Purdue study which associated fatty-acid deficiencies with learning disorders and hyperactivity, I began to give my six-year son a tablespoon of Barlean's Flax Oil each day, and I took the same amount myself (mixed with yogurt). Flax oil is extremely high in Omega-3's. I also reduced our consumption of trans-fats and increase the amount of olive and canola oil in our diet. After one month, the incurable eczema located on the back of my son's legs vanished, and it is still gone as of this writing (5/99). That eczema had not responded to diet changes, cremes, or allergy medication, and he'd had it for years, so bad that he would scratch it until it bled and caused him to lose sleep. Then, during the next three months my cracked heels slowly improved until they too were cured. Like my son's rashes, my cracked heels had not responded to any type of treatment for several years, even though I tried lotions and pumice stones to thin the skin. Today, they are fine. I can only imagine what the fatty-acid deficiency we clearly both had had was doing to me and my son neurologically, and I am grateful to have learned about it. My son has been doing great in Kindergarten with very few behavior problems, and is ahead of his peers in reading, so I can't help but wonder if the increase in Omega-3 fatty acids is a factor in that. While I'll never know for sure, I suspect that it was. Signs of Fatty Acid Imbalance (from the book "Smart Fats") Dry skin Dandruff Frequent urination Irritability Attention deficit Soft nails Alligator skin Allergies Lowered immunity Weakness Fatigue Dry, unmanageable hair Excessive thirst Brittle, easily frayed nails Hyperactivity "Chicken skin" on backs of arms Dry eyes Learning problems Poor wound healing Frequent infections Patches of pale skin on cheeks Cracked skin on heels or fingertips Imagine your brain conducting some routine maintenance on your dopamine and serotonin receptors (implicated in both ADD and mood disorders). These receptors are composed of an Omega-3 fatty acid called DHA. If you don't have much DHA in your blood, man-made trans-fat molecules may be used as a construction material instead. But trans-fats (hydrogenated oils) are shaped differently than DHA: they are straight while DHA is curved. The dopamine receptor becomes deformed and doesn't work very well. Repeat this scenario day after day, year after year, and you could wind up with problems like depression and problems concentrating. This problem is most severe for a child whose brain is still developing. "A lack of highly unsaturated fats is particularly noticeable in connection with brain and nerve functioning. An adjustment in diet to one with oil and protein contents high in unsaturated fats brings the best results in children. I have often observed this when called in to treat cancer patients. In general, I recommend that the whole family adjust their food intake so that they use the optimal, natural fats. As for children whose scholastic performance is often below standard -- and it's usually the case in families where the parents don't eat correctly -- the results of an optimal fat intake normally begin to show themselves in school marks being bettered by not only one, but two levels." - from "Flax Oil as a True Aid..." by Dr. Johanna Budwig, a seven time nobel prize nominee and considered by many to be the foremost authority on fats & healing, 1959. Now imagine a child in school learning math. The act of learning requires the brain to form new neural pathways. DHA is needed, especially for the delicate neural synapses which are composed entirely of DHA. This child, like the vast majority of U.S. children, eats almost no Omega-3 fatty acids. What does the brain do? Again, it struggles and finally uses other types of fats, which are the wrong shape. The neural network develops slowly and is defective. The child has learning and memory problems as well as behavior problems. "The Link Between Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Learning (from "The Omega Plan") "In a study of learning ability, rats were raised on either a diet that was deficient in Omega-3 fatty acids or one that was nutritionally complete. Initially, both groups of rats had similar numbers of synaptic vesicles. After a month-long learning program, however, the Omega-3 enriched rats had considerably more vesicles in their nerve endings and also performed markedly better on the tests. This study suggests there may be a direct connection between the amount Omega-3 fatty acids in your diet, the number of synaptic vesicles in your neurons, and your ability to learn." I believe that within the next 5 or 10 years the population at large will become familiar with the issue of fatty acid deficiency and the harm causes by transfats, and there will be significant changes in the way food is formulated and marketed. In 1994 the Center For Science in the Public Interest petitioned the FDA to require labeling of transfats. In 1998 Consumer Reports called for similar labeling (Nov. 98 issue). In response to growing pulic pressure and the rising number of studies implicating transfats, the FDA has announced a new rule that will require the transfat content of foods, but it won't become effective for a few years. Companies are beginning to market omega-3 foods, like tuna and eggs from chickens fed with high-omega 3 foods. Babyfood companies like Gerber are talking about adding DHA to foods (meanwhile the same food still contains transfats). In Japan parents have been giving their kids DHA supplements for years to improve their grades. "Struggling With Jamie" From "Smart Fats" by Michael Schmidt "Jamie was a ten-year-old boy who seemed to struggle with behavioral problems almost from the beginning. He was inattentive, aggressive, and had difficulty with coordination. Sports were hard for him and learning was no better... Jamie also had patches of dry skin and coarse, unruly hair -- clues to fatty acid imbalance. Jamie began taking a balanced fatty acid supplement that contained DHA, GLA, and ALA from DHA oil, primrose oil, and flax seed oil respectively. It took roughly six months, but Jamie became "a different child" according to his mother. His balance and motor problems improved along with his behavioral problems." Research has shown that the diets of hunter/gatherers were rich in Omega-3's. They ate a mix of meat, fruits and vegetables, with little or no grains. Green leafy vegetables, certain seeds and nuts, and wild game are rich in Omega-3's. It turns out that cows, chickens and other animals have much higher levels of Omega-3s when they are fed by "free-range" methods because they eat lots of green leafy vegetables. On the other hand, if they are fed grain, their Omega-3 levels crash. Wild game is much healthier to eat and it is much leaner than farm-raised animals. Hunter/gatherers ate greens with lots of Omega-3's. We know this because scientists have actually tested many of the plants and animals eaten by existing and past hunter/gatherer groups. These have been replaced primarily with grains, which contain the wrong kinds of fats. More Detail Than You May Want to Know: EPA, DHA, and the Omega-3 family of Eicosanoids are important types of Omega-3 fatty acids. Normally our body can manufacture all of these products if it has plenty of the parent Omega-3 fatty acid called Alpha-Linolenic Acid (ALA) found naturally in green leafy vegetables, flax, flaxseed and canola oil, walnuts and Brazil nuts. (Note: DHA is not to be confused with DHEA, a popular hormonal supplement). Our bodies convert ALA to EPA; EPA to DHA; and DHA to Omega-3 Eichosanoids. There are many things that can interfere with this process, especially vegetable oils in the diet. Note that it is possible to acquire EPA and DHA directly by eating fish oil, certain eggs, or by taking supplements. Fatty fish contain plenty of both substances. Plenty of studies have shown that fish-eating cultures have much better health, including mental health. DHA is particularly important for brain functions. Scientists have discovered that severely depressed people are lower in DHA, and the more depressed they are, the less DHA they have. One ancient remedy for depression was to feed the patient animal brains, now known to be extremely high in DHA and Omega-3 fatty acids. Incidentally, alcohol is known to deplete DHA stores extremely rapidly. While the body can theoretically manufacture its own DHA out of the parent ALA fatty acid, things can interfere with this conversion. The most important problem is an excess of Omega-6 fatty acids in the bloodstream, which use the same enzymes for a similar type of conversion. This is why it is extremely important not to have too many Omega-6 fats in your diet (the vegetable oils like sunflower and soybean oil). Other problems might inhibit the conversion process, such as a deficiency in certain vitamins and minerals. Infants who are fed formula in the United States receive almost no Omega-3's, while infants who are breast fed thrive on milk rich in DHA (the amount depends on the mother's diet). Researchers have found that infants who are fed formulas enriched with Omega-3's or who are breast fed do better visually and intellectually. Incidentally, pregnant women experience a major loss in DHA as their DHA is rerouted to the fetus. This may be one reason depression is so common after child birth.

Physical Symptoms Associated with EFA Deficiencies

Omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids are absolutely essential for human life and health, but they must be provided by our diet. They play particularly key roles in brain development and function. Various physical signs are associated with deficiencies in these essential fatty acids. These include excessive thirst, frequent urination, rough, dry or scaly skin, dry, dull or ‘lifeless’ hair, dandruff, and soft or brittle nails. Raised bumps on the skin are particularly characteristic. (This is called ‘follicular keratosis’ as it results from a build-up of hard, dry skin around the hair follicles). Research has shown that these fatty acid deficiency signs are unusually common in people with ADHD, dyslexia and autistic spectrum disorders.(1-7) They have also been linked with behaviour, learning and health problems in boys with and without an ADHD diagnosis,(4) with the severity of reading, spelling and related difficulties in dyslexic children(5) and with visual, auditory and other features of dyslexia in adults.(6) This and other evidence has led to treatment trials to find out if supplementing the diet with fatty acids may help in these conditions. A simple checklist rating scale used in many of these studies to assess fatty acid deficiency signs is available as a separate document.(8) This can easily be used as an informal measure by parents, teachers, health professionals or researchers who may be interested. Across groups, scores have been shown to correlate with blood levels of fatty acids. However, results from this scale should never be interpreted in isolation, and any reliable diagnosis of fatty acid deficiency would require other information and professional advice. (Blood fatty acid analyses or other measures may be useful if available and properly conducted, but the response to dietary supplementation with fatty acids – if appropriate - would usually be a fairly definitive indicator). Many other features or clinical signs can sometimes reflect deficiencies or imbalances of omega-3 or omega-6 fatty acids. These include: * Allergic or ‘atopic’ tendencies (such as eczema, asthma, hayfever etc.) * Visual symptoms (such as poor night vision, sensitivity to bright light, or visual disturbances when reading - e.g. letters and words may appear to move, swim or blur on the page) * Attentional problems (distractibility, poor concentration and difficulties in working memory) * Emotional sensitivity (such as depression, excessive mood swings or undue anxiety) * Sleep problems (especially difficulties in settling at night and waking in the morning) IMPORTANT: Any of these signs can have other causes, so it should never be assumed that fatty acid deficiencies are responsible. Always seek medical attention for any such symptoms, and before taking food supplements or making any other major dietary changes. References 1. Colquhoun, I. and Bunday, S. A lack of essential fatty acids as a possible cause of hyperactivity in children. Medical Hypotheses, 1981; 7: 673-9. 2. Baker SM. A biochemical approach to the problem of dyslexia. Journal of Learning Disabilities 1985; 18(10): 581 584. 3. Stevens LJ, Zentall SS. Deck JL, Abate ML, Watkins BA, Lipp SR, Burgess JR. Essential fatty acid metabolism in boys with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1995; 62: 761-8. 4. Stevens LJ, Zentall SS. Abate ML, Kuczek T, Burgess JR. Omega-3 fatty acids in boys with behaviour, learning, and health problems. Physiol. Behav. 1996; 59(4/5): 915-920. 5. Richardson AJ, Calvin CM, Clisby C, Schoenheimer DR, Montgomery P, Hall JA, Hebb G, Westwood E, Talcott JB, Stein JF. Fatty acid deficiency signs predict the severity of reading and related difficulties in dyslexic children. Prostaglandins Leukotr Essent Fatty Acids, 2000; 63:69-74. 6. Taylor KET, Higgins CJ, Calvin CM, Hall JA, Easton T, McDaid AM, Richardson AJ. Dyslexia in adults is associated with clinical signs of fatty acid deficiency. Prostaglandins Leukotr Essent Fatty Acids, 2000; 63:75-78. 7. Bell JG, Dick JR, MacKinlay EE, Glen ACA, MacDonald DJ, Ross MA, Riordan V, Sargent JR. Apparent fatty acid deficiency in autistic spectrum disorders. Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids (In Press). 8. FAB Research. Factsheet 003/PFADS-CRS: Physical Fatty Acid Deficiency Signs – Clinical Rating Scale. Food and Behaviour Research, November 2003.

EFAs and Behavior (includes mention of wheat/milk)

A lack of essential fatty acids as a possible cause of hyperactivity in children.

Med Hypotheses. 1981; 7(5):673-9 Colquhoun I; Bunday S The Hyperactive Children's Support Group (HCSG) in an organisation with over 70 branches in Britain devoted to helping such children and their families. We have carried out a detailed survey of the characteristics of many of our children and their families and have studied the literature in detail. We have come to the conclusion that many of these children have a deficiency of essential fatty acids (EFAs) either because they cannot metabolise linoleic acid normally, or because they cannot absorb EFAs normally from the gut, or because their EFA requirements are higher than normal. The main pieces of evidence are: 1. Most of the food constituents which cause trouble in these children are weak inhibitors of the conversion of EFAs to prostaglandins (PGs). 2. Boys are much more commonly effected than girls and males are known to have much higher requirements for EFAs than females. 3. A high proportion of our children have abnormal thirst and thirst is one of the cardinal signs of EFA deficiency. 4. Many of our children have eczema, allergies and asthma which some reports suggest can be alleviated by EFAs. 5. Many of our children are deficient in zinc which is required for conversion of EFAs to PGs. 6. Some of of our children are badly affected by wheat and milk which are known to give rise to exorphins in the gut which can block conversion of EFAs to PGE1. A preliminary study of EFA supplementation in a number of our children has given promising results. We hope that others with better facilities will be encouraged to test out this hypothesis.