Gut healing, Intestinal Permeability, Biofilm

Beyond Probiotics
Hidden Causes of GI Dysfunction
By Chris D. Meletis, ND
Often, in the absence of overt disease, the extent of an individual’s colon-supporting supplement regimen consists exclusively of consuming a good probiotic. Yet, in order for the good bacteria found in probiotics to flourish in the colonic environment, there are other steps we need to take to ensure our gut is hospitable to the friendly bacteria our bodies need to thrive—regardless of whether an individual is healthy or whether that individual suffers from irritable bowel syndrome or another gastrointestinal disease. The colon is essentially our body’s compost pile, used to nurture our garden of friendly flora.

There are two often-overlooked aspects of gut health that are essential to keeping our colon healthy and to ensure it remains a hospitable environment where good bacteria can thrive. First, gut health is linked to a substance called butyrate. If the intestine isn’t working at its optimal best, levels of butyrate can undergo a decline, putting individuals at risk for colon cancer. Butyrate levels are closely tied to the health of the intestine and to levels of friendly flora found in the gut.

A second aspect of gut health is known as intestinal permeability. This can be a huge factor, even in seemingly healthy individuals. Intestinal permeability refers to the potential for nutrients and bacteria to escape through a weakened intestinal wall. When intestinal permeability is increased, food and nutrient absorption is impaired. Dysfunction in intestinal permeability can result in leaky gut syndrome, where larger molecules in the intestines pass through into the blood. This can trigger immediate damage and immune system reactions since these large molecules are perceived as foreign. Progressive damage occurs to the intestinal lining, eventually allowing disease-causing bacteria, undigested food particles, and toxins to pass directly into the bloodstream.

Dysfunctions in intestinal permeability are associated not only with intestinal diseases such as ulcerative colitis, irritable bowel syndrome and Crohn’s disease, but also with chronic fatigue syndrome, psoriasis, food allergies, autoimmune disease and arthritis. Impaired intestinal permeability also occurs in patients undergoing chemotherapy and in heart disease patients.

I briefly discussed intestinal permeability in my last article on GI health. In this article, I will go into further detail about this damaging aspect of intestinal health and explain how increasing butyrate can be a powerful tool in not only restoring ideal colon function but also improving energy levels and the overall health of the body.

Building Butyrate for Colonic Health

Butyrate, a major short-chain fatty acid produced in the human gut by bacterial fermentation of dietary fiber, exhibits strong tumor suppressing activity. Butyrate is an important energy source for cells lining the intestine and plays a role in the maintenance of colonic balance. Butyrate exerts potent effects on a variety of colonic mucosal functions such as inhibition of inflammation and carcinogenesis. Butyrate also reinforces various components that play a role in the colonic defense barrier and decrease oxidative stress. In addition, butyrate may promote satiety.1

Low levels of butyrate are linked to increased risk of colon cancer. A loss of balance in the colon caused by either genetic mutations or environmental factors such as dietary habits can increase the risk for the formation of aberrant crypt foci (the earliest identifiable cancerous lesions in the colon) and ultimately the development of colon cancer. Evidence exists that butyrate reduces the number and the size of aberrant crypt foci in the colon.2

Butyrate’s inhibition of colon cancer is thought to arise from its ability to act as a natural histone deacetylase inhibitor, which results in activation of certain genes known to induce apoptosis (cell death) in cancer cells.2

Low butyrate levels occur in healthy humans prior to the onset of disease, often in response to a poor diet high in sugar and low in fiber. Low butyrate levels also are found in disease states such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease, especially in patients with moderate to severe mucosal inflammation.3 The monocarboxylate transporter helps colon cells uptake butyrate and during inflammatory bowel disease the monocarboxylate transporter is impaired, preventing the butyrate from getting to the cells.4

The Colonic Barrier and Overall Health

Abnormal intestinal permeability, like low butyrate levels, is another concern that can serve as a hidden reason why we might not be feeling our optimal best. A dysfunction can present in intestinal permeability when an individual is consuming a less than optimal diet or due to other factors such as psychological stress.5

Intestinal permeability, in fact, may be the main cause behind why the body becomes sensitive to a particular type of food. One group of researchers evaluated the intestinal permeability in subjects with adverse reactions to food. Twenty-one subjects with a food allergy and 20 with food hypersensitivity who were on allergen-free diets were enrolled and divided into four groups according to the seriousness of their referred clinical symptoms. The study authors found statistically significant differences in intestinal permeability in subjects with food allergy or hypersensitivity compared to control patients. The worse the intestinal permeability, the more serious the clinical symptoms in patients with food allergy and hypersensitivity.6

According to the researchers, “The present data demonstrate that impaired intestinal permeability, measured in our conditions, is present in all subjects with adverse reactions to food. In addition, for the first time, we report a statistically significant association between the severity of referred clinical symptoms and the increasing of Intestinal Permeability Index. These data reveal that intestinal permeability is not strictly dependent on IgE-mediated processes but could better be related to other mechanisms involved in early food sensitization, as breast-feeding, or microbial environment that influence the development of oral tolerance in early infancy.”

Impaired intestinal permeability is often linked with GI diseases such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s. However, new research is unearthing a surprising link between malfunctions in the colonic barrier and a number of non-gastrointestinal conditions such as heart disease.

In a recent study, scientists evaluated the function of the gut in 22 patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) and 22 control subjects. Chronic heart failure patients, compared with control patients, had a 35 percent increase of small intestinal permeability and a 210 percent increase of large intestinal permeability. Additionally, higher concentrations of adherent bacteria were found within mucus of CHF patients compared to control subjects.7

The researchers determined, “Chronic heart failure is a multisystem disorder in which intestinal morphology, permeability, and absorption are modified. Increased intestinal permeability and an augmented bacterial biofilm may contribute to the origin of both chronic inflammation and malnutrition.”

Strengthening the Colon

Raising butyrate levels and reducing the permeability of the intestinal barrier can have far reaching consequences for our health that extend beyond the gastrointestinal tract. Consequently, nutritional support is key.

Increasing fiber intake through consumption of a fiber supplement is one of the easiest ways to increase butyrate levels in the body. Fiber is well known for its ability to protect against colon cancer and its ability to raise butyrate levels is thought to be one of the main ways in which it protects the colon. The benefits of dietary fiber on inflammatory bowel disease may also be related to the production of butyrate that occurs when fiber is fermented in the colon. Butyrate appears to decrease the inflammatory response.8

Combining fiber and a good probiotic with specific botanicals, amino acids and fatty acids known to reduce intestinal permeability can provide additional support for the colon. Phosphatidylcholine, for example, can enhance butyrate’s ability to inhibit colon cancer cells, and therefore works well with fiber to strengthen the intestinal environment.9

The amino acid glutamine is one of the most powerful tools for reducing intestinal permeability, thereby protecting the body against the negative consequences of a leaky gut. In a recent review, researchers studied the medical literature to determine if glutamine was effective in reducing intestinal permeability in critically ill patients. In this group of patients, intestinal permeability can have particularly lethal consequences, causing bacteremia, sepsis, and multiple organ failure syndrome. After studying the medical literature, the scientists concluded that glutamine administration by the intravenous or oral route has a protective effect that prevents or reduces the intensity of the increase in intestinal permeability. Glutamine also reduces the frequency of systemic infections.10

Another group of researchers drew a similar conclusion after studying chemotherapy patients with gastrointestinal cancer. In this group of subjects, oral glutamine decreased intestinal permeability and maintained the intestinal barrier.11

Berberine is another substance that can help reduce intestinal permeability and stop beneficial nutrients from escaping through the intestinal wall.12 Berberine also is highly effective at inhibiting the growth of pathogens that invade the colon.

In my clinical practice, I have found that the best way to improve butyrate levels and reduce intestinal permeability is to combine a good fiber supplement with a supplement that contains phosphatidylcholine, L-glutamine, berberine, deglycyrrhizinated licorice (DGL), N-acetyl glucosamine, marshmallow (Althaea officinalis) root, cabbage powder, slippery elm (Ulmus rubra) bark, and gamma oryzanol. This often results in an increased level of friendly flora in the gut and maximizes the effectiveness of any probiotic supplement consumed. After undertaking this approach, patients often report improvement in their gastrointestinal tract and increased overall health and energy.

Conclusion

The gut uses a disproportionate amount of energy (about 25 percent of total oxygen consumption) for the size of the tissue (about 6 percent of body weight).13 Consequently, it’s especially important to provide this part of the body with as much support as possible. Fiber, probiotics, the amino acid L-glutamine, the fatty acid phosphatidylcholine, N-acetyl glucosamine, deglycyrrhizinated licorice and select botanicals such as marshmallow, berberine, cabbage powder and slippery elm can help raise levels of butyrate and reduce intestinal permeability. This approach can result in a healthier colon, improved energy and enhanced overall health.

References


1. Hamer HM, Jonkers D, Venema K, Vanhoutvin S, Troost FJ, Brummer RJ. Review article: the role of butyrate on colonic function. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2008 Jan 15;27(2):104-19.
2. Kim YS, Milner JA. Dietary modulation of colon cancer risk. J Nutr. 2007 Nov;137(11 Suppl):2576S-2579S.
3. Duffy MM, Regan MC, Ravichandran P, O’Keane C, Harrington MG, Fitzpatrick JM, O’Connell PR. Mucosal metabolism in ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. Dis Colon Rectum. 1998 Nov;41(11):1399-405.
4. Thibault R, De Coppet P, Daly K, Bourreille A, Cuff M, Bonnet C, Mosnier JF, Galmiche JP, Shirazi-Beechey S, Segain JP. Down-regulation of the monocarboxylate transporter 1 is involved in butyrate deficiency during intestinal inflammation. Gastroenterology. 2007 Dec;133(6):1916-27.
5. Zareie M, Johnson-Henry K, Jury J, Yang PC, Ngan BY, McKay DM, Soderholm JD, Perdue MH, Sherman PM. Probiotics prevent bacterial translocation and improve intestinal barrier function in rats following chronic psychological stress. Gut. 2006 Nov;55(11):1553-60. Epub 2006 Apr 25.
6. Ventura MT, Polimeno L, Amoruso AC, Gatti F, Annoscia E, Marinaro M, Di Leo E, Matino MG, Buquicchio R, Bonini S, Tursi A, Francavilla A. Intestinal permeability in patients with adverse reactions to food. Dig Liver Dis. 2006 Oct;38(10):732-6.
7. Sandek A, Bauditz J, Swidsinski A, Buhner S, Weber-Eibel J, von Haehling S, Schroedl W, Karhausen T, Doehner W, Rauchhaus M, Poole-Wilson P, Volk HD, Lochs H, Anker SD. Altered intestinal function in patients with chronic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007 Oct 16;50(16):1561-9.
8. Rose DJ, DeMeo MT, Keshavarzian A, Hamaker BR. Influence of dietary fiber on inflammatory bowel disease and colon cancer: importance of fermentation pattern. Nutr Rev. 2007 Feb;65(2):51-62.
9. Hossain Z, Konishi M, Hosokawa M, Takahashi K. Effect of polyunsaturated fatty acid-enriched phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylserine on butyrate-induced growth inhibition, differentiation and apoptosis in Caco-2 cells. Cell Biochem Funct. 2006 Mar-Apr;24(2):159-65.
10. De-Souza DA, Greene LJ. Intestinal permeability and systemic infections in critically ill patients: effect of glutamine. Crit Care Med. 2005 May;33(5):1175-8.
11. Zhonghua Wei Chang Wai Ke Za Zhi. 2006 Jan;9(1):59-61. [Protective effect of glutamine on intestinal barrier function in patients receiving chemotherapy] [Article in Chinese]. Jiang HP, Liu CA.
12. Taylor CT, Winter DC, Skelly MM, O’Donoghue DP, O’Sullivan GC, Harvey BJ, Baird AW. Berberine inhibits ion transport in human colonic epithelia. Eur J Pharmacol. 1999 Feb 26;368(1):111-8.
13. Britton R, Krehbiel C. Nutrient metabolism by gut tissues. J Dairy Sci. 1993 Jul;76(7):2125-31.

Non-medical solutions for ADHD

http://www.wisechoiceeducationalservices.com/articles/article10.html By Suzanne Day Parents of children with learning or attention problems will often react negatively to the use of medications, which are recommended by the medical profession. However, what parents really need and want is guidance in their search for solutions. This article attempts only to guide parents to a better understanding of the different aspects of the biochemical components of learning difficulties and attention behavioural problems. I do not pretend to be an expert in the nutrition but an expert on the brain, which is fuelled by nutrition. Parents and professionals dealing with attention deficits in children observe the food-mood connection, which is more evident in some children than others. Behaviours are based on thoughts and memories processed in the brain. The neurons (brain cells) transmit information as electrical signals with the use of neurotransmitters. These transmissions constitute the biochemical basis for changes in behaviours. The brain, one of the most vital organs of the body, receives its nutrition directly from the blood stream. Therefore, balanced nutrients will enhance the biochemical and electrical functions of the brain, which in turn affect learning. Imbalance of nutrients, especially through a diet of junk food, snack and fast food, will have an adverse effect, aggravating or intensifing learning and behavioural problems. The efficient functioning of the brain requires at least the essential amino acids, essential fatty acids, essential monosaccharides (glyconutirents), vitamins, minerals, and water. Essential Amino Acids Proteins provide the needed amino acids to build healthy nerve cells. These nerve cells then provide new connections to increase retrieval (memory). Most children with learning and attention difficulties need to consume more proteins, rather than starch and sugar. However, Dr. Amen in his book Healing ADD, has found that children with obsessive-compulsive behaviours require a balanced diet of protein and starch. He also explains that these children may also benefit from additional specific amino acids which are precursors of the neurotransmitters that help with the neurotransmission of the electric influx into the brain. For example, tyrosine is a building block for dopamine (control of movements, pleasure centers, and motivation). Tyrosine is a non-essential amino acid which is abundant in brown rice, leafy vegetables, and milk. Tyrosine is considered a “spark protein”. This amino acid as a supplement is known as L-tyrosine, and should be taken on an empty stomach. Tryptophan and 5-HTP are essential amino acids and are building blocks for the neurotransmitter serotonin, which controls our emotions and our sleeping patterns. Tryptophan is considered a “sedative-protein”. Most vegetables and nuts contain tryptophan. GABA, still another essential neurotransmitter, is an anti-anxiety agent. GABA is formed in the body by glutamic acid that can be synthesized from other amino acids. Phenylalanine is an amino acid precursor of norepinephrine (arousal and attention) coming in the form of DLAP as a nutritional supplement. Proteins are essential because they contain the necessary amino acids to build healthy nerve cells. Whether supplemented or taken in the diet, amino acids must be present for children to be able to overcome with learning difficulties or those with behavioural issues. Essential Fatty Acids Dr. Michael Lyon has done extensive research to better understand some of the main nutritional root causes of attention difficulties. The essential fatty acids, omega-3 and omega-6, are required by every cell in the human body and especially in the brain which is 60% fat. These essential fatty acids seems to be greatly involved in the ability to stay focused and complete tasks. The most commonly available omega-3 fatty acids is known as alpha linolenic acid (ALA) and can be found in large quantity in flax seed oil. The omega-6 fatty acid is known as linoleic acid (LA) and can be found in pumkin , sunflower, or sesame seeds. We recommend that you use a coffee grinder and grind your seeds as you need them because they start loosing the value as soon as the seed is broken. Only if the right enzymes are present in the body, will these acids be converted to incorporate them in the brain and the immune system. However, too often the body is inefficient in converting them. The best sources of essential fatty acids are the fish oils: tuna, salmon, and cod. Hydrogenation and Trans-fatty Acids Dr Lyon as well as many other experts on this topic, warns about the use of hydrogenated fats and trans-fatty acids ( the margarine, shortening, and cooking oils) which contain almost no essential fatty acids. Hydrogenation, the most common way of drastically changing natural oils, heats oils at high temperatures. The heat alters the molecule structure, which in turn interferes with the biochemical processes, “clogging” our physiological systems, our brains included. Udo Erasmus explains that “the molecule has its “head on backwards.” Not only does the heated oil looses its nutrients, but a catalyst (heavy metals like aluminium) is added, leaving remnants in these oils that are eaten by people. Udo Erasmus concludes “The 60 grams (2 ounces) of margarine and shortening we consume each day contain more than twice as many “food additives” than are found in the other 2640 grams of food that men consume each day (1740grams by women).” “Leaky Gut” and Debris in the Blood Dr. Lyon states, "Optimal digestion, good nutrient absorption and a leak proof gut are essential for good health." Based on his experience, brain health and gut health are vitally linked. In his book, Is Your Child's Brain Starving, he explains that most children with attention deficit and hyperactivity present a “leaky gut”. As well, they lack friendly bacteria in the gut, and have different types of intestinal parasites. Let’s explain briefly the term “leaky gut”. Normally the lining of the small intestine protects us from undigested food getting into the blood stream. Unfortunately, due to different factors including the excessive consumption of starchy or sugary foods, which ADD children crave, the tight junctions between cells of the intestinal lining detach and gaps form between the cells. This leaky gut allows molecular debris to circulate throughout the entire body, interfering with organ functions. The brain is one of our vital organs and these irritants adversely affect it. Milk and its Molecule Modification One of the most common types of molecular debris is milk protein. Milk has always been recognized as an essential nutrient for building healthy bodies. However, new research has shown that milk can create allergies and seems to be the cause of many ear infections. What is happening? The problem is not the milk, but what happens when milk is homogenized and radiated. Homogenizing milk breaks down the fat molecules into minute particles, which can cross the gut barrier and be absorbed into the blood stream. This causes many problems including allergic reactions and ear infections. These “foreign” protein molecules weaken the immune system because the body recognizes the milk protein as an enemy. Organs, like the brain, are often attacked. Although, soya milk is often used to replace cows’ milk, it appears to be difficult to digest for some children, who lack the necessary enzymes. See the article “Why you should avoid Soy”, by Sally Fallon (www.mercola.com/article/soy/avoid_soy.) Healing the “Leaky Gut” Research has confirmed what Dr. Lyon found with ADD: behaviour problems, including attention problems, autism, and schizophrenia, are often linked to intestinal problems. Elaine Gottschall has brought relief to thousands with her research and her diet. In her book, Breaking the Vicious Cycle, she explains the importance of a healthy intestinal tract. According to her, inefficiency in digesting double sugars, disaccharides like table sugar and polysaccharides, leads to mal-absorption and inflammatory bowel disease. Her diet, the ‘Specific Carbohydrate Diet’, is based on a monosaccharide diet (one molecule of sugar) like glucose. Interestingly, neurobiologists have discovered that more than 90% of all the serotonin (a neurotransmitter) made and then stored, is in the gut. The lack of serotonin is blamed for depression, anxiety, and insomnia. Poor digestion, absorption and elimination may lead to mental, emotional and physical sickness. White Sugar and Hypoglycemia In my work with children with learning and attention problems, I regularly witness the fact that these children often crave sugar and starch (starch becomes sugar after it is metabolized.) Parents and educators often observe, that these children are hyperactive for a short period and then a few hours later, they become lethargic. A high sugar food made with white sugar like a chocolate bar, a soda pop, or candies, stimulate the pancreas to secrete insulin which triggers cells throughout the body to pull the excess glucose out of the bloodstream and store it for later use. Soon, the glucose available to the brain has dropped. Neurons, unable to store glucose, experience an energy crisis. The ability to focus and think suffers. This glucose deficiency is called hypoglycemia, and it can even lead to unconsciousness. The Very “Bad” Sugar: Aspartame Much research has been done on Aspartame, an artificial sweetener, used in such brands as Equal and Nutrasweet. It is about 200 times sweeter than the refined sugar. Dr. Mercola reports that “Aspartame complaints represent 80-85% of food complaints registered with the FDA. In 1991, the National Institutes of Health listed 167 symptoms and reasons to avoid the use of aspartame, but today it remains a multi-million dollar business. Known to erode intelligence and affect short-term memory, the components of this toxic sweetener may lead to a wide variety of ailments…” (the list is included in his article from his web site). He recommends an helpful documentary on this subject Sweet Misery: A Poisoned World. The “Good Sugars”: the Glyconutrients A team from the University of Arkansas, directed by Dr. Dykman has conducted special studies evaluating the effects of different types of sugars (glyconutrients) upon brain function. The term glyconutrient refers to sugars that are absolutely essential for proper cellular survival and function, especially for the immune system cells. Most people know about glucose (from sucrose or white sugar) and galactose (from milk). However, little is known about the other six essential sugars, which are not readily available through a regular diet and need to be metabolized. Abundant research studies have identified the eight essential sugars (monosaccharides) needed for cells to communicate. This fact is noted in the latest Harper Biochemistry Dictionary, a medical desk reference. Dr. Dykman‘s study, found that certain single-cell sugars or monosaccharides enhanced brainwave frequencies associated with attention and alertness, increased reaction time, and concentration. Studies clearly show the important benefits children receive from ingesting these eight essential sugars as a nutritional supplement. “Breakfast Eaters” have Better Attention Span than “Breakfast Skippers” There are many components in a child’s diet, which will have a direct affect on brain function, behaviour and academic performance. William Sears, M.D. and Lynda Thompson, PhD in their A.D.D. Book, consecrated one chapter to the subject of feeding a child's brain. According to them, "it is not only the type of food but when and how you eat it that affects brain function." Their studies show that breakfast eaters, especially those that eat a breakfast rich in protein and calcium, generally have higher grades. Breakfast skippers, on the other hand, are more likely to be sluggish and overeat throughout the rest of the day. This is observed in the change of the brain waves patterns of children training with neurofeedback at our office. We frequently observe an increase in the theta wave (the slow waves (corresponding to a tune-out mental set) after a child has eaten sugary cereals or worst after eating pancakes with maple syrup for breakfast! Neurofeedback uses a quantitative electroencephalogram (QEEG) (see article on neurofeedback training for attention span). Obviously, if a child has an increase in slow brain waves, he/she will be sluggish at school and this will have an adverse impact on behaviour and grades. The Need of Supplements in our Diet It is well recognized even by the American Medical Association that we now need to add to our diets vitamin and mineral supplements because of our depleted soils. Adding to the pesticides and other chemicals polluting added to our food chain, fruits and vegetables are lacking the essential nutrients, called “phytonutrients” because they are often picked before they ripen. These “phytonutrients” strengthen our immune systems and work like enzymes aiding digestion and absorption. Supplementing the diet with enzymes will often help people with learning and attention difficulties because the lack of digestion and absorption is often one of their physiological weaknesses. Heavy Metals and Brain Function Unfortunately, heavy metals like mercury, lead, and aluminum found in our drinking water, water pipes, some vaccines, some junk food, and the air we breathe (are just some of the source of heavy metals ingestion) interfere with the absorption of necessary minerals, like zinc. Research has shown that high intercellular copper levels and low zinc levels cause many children to be hyperactive. Antioxidants are essentials in neutralizing free radicals oxidative stress (like rust produced on metal ) that heavy metals create. Chelation can be used to remove heavy metals from the body, preventing any interference in vitamin and mineral absorption and allowing the body to replenish the cells with the healthy metals. Water and the brain health Drinking several glasses of water per day is essential, but few do it. Dr. F. Batmanghelidj's book, Your Body's Many Cries for Water (you are not sick, you are thirsty) will motivate its readers to drink water. Here is an excerpt from his book: "The human body is composed of 25% solid matter and 75% water. Brain tissue is said to consist of 85% water. Every function of the body is monitored and pegged to the efficient flow of water. “Water distribution” is the only way of making sure that not only an adequate amount of water, but its transported elements (hormones, chemical messengers, and nutrients) first reach the more vital organs.” With the use of the QEEG , I have regularly observed children, gaining more control over their slow brain waves, after drinking a glass of water. Water is necessary for the body, but not all water is equal. Chlorine, which is present in city tap water, will prevent the absorption of tyrosine, an important amino acid. Our water can also be contaminated with heavy metals. City tap water needs to be purified. Osmosis water filtering systems and distilled water filtering systems are not the best filtration methods for long-term consumption. Water from these types of filtration systems not only remove essential minerals, but this water will leach the body of its minerals. It is also interesting to know that the osmosis water has a “low pH” which means that the water is acidic and may interfere with the alkaline state of the body. Efficient water filtration systems are available and are able to remove harmful substances and yet retain the important minerals. Therefore, before children start consuming more water to transport nutrients to the body organs, attention needs to be paid to the type of water these children are ingesting. Genetically Engineered Food Our children’s health in the form of undiagnosed food allergies or intolerance to food (such as celiac disease) may be linked to genetically engineered food It is since 1997 that we have had a wide variety of unlabelled genetically-engineered foods enter our supermarket shelves. Genetic engineering has to do with implanting conglomerations of genes from viruses, bacteria, insects, and animals onto our fruits, grains, nuts, and vegetables. Would it be possible that one explanation of these allergies to nuts, unheard few years ago, could be linked with the modified structure of the nuts? For example, in tests conducted at the University of Nebraska and reported in the New England Journal of Medicine, researchers found that soybeans modified with genes from Brazil nuts produced proteins that resulted in extreme, potentially deadly allergic reactions in people sensitive to the nuts. The human body is amazingly designed. Scientist consider that we have approximately 70 trillions of cells in our body. These cells continually multiply and die resulting in having a brand new body every seven or eight years. The health of the body depends on the health of the cells which produce energy. This article enumerate some facts about the reasons why our brain can be weakened. The good news is that if we limit the ingestion of the “bad stuff” and feed the body with the nutrients it needs to function efficiently, the body can regenerate itself. To summarize, children and adults with behavioural, learning and attention problems Firstly, they should AVOID (as much as possible): * JUNK FOOD, snack food, and fast food * the genetically modified organisms * trans-fatty acids (hydrogenated oil), * food containing pesticides (www.ewg.org) * white sugar (pop, cereal, candy…) * white flour (pasta, pizza…) * food dyes (especially the red and yellow ones) * Aspartame (sugar substitute in candy and gum) and MSG (flavor enhancer) * caffeine and chocolate * homogenized milk and be careful with soya milk which is often difficult to digest * preservatives * carbonated drinks Secondly, they NEED: * vitamins (fruits, vegetables, whole grains) * minerals * phytochemical supplements * proteins (amino acids) * essential fatty acids * glyconutrients, eight essential monosaccharides (sugars) * drink daily more purified water (one quart of water for every fifty pounds of weight.) * probiotics, which are the good bacteria needed in the intestines * get rid of toxins through exercise and antioxidants (Vitamin C is excellent) * get rid of parasites * sleep well The intention of this article is to not create more problems, but to summarize the main nutritional issues related to learning and attention behaviours in order better understand some of the physical root problems of learning and attention behaviours. Pursue your research, and pray for wisdom that you may glean what you need to help your children and yourselves. Make the changes step by step. Ask God for wisdom to know what you cannot change and wisdom to know what you can and need to do. A professional assessment of your child’s balance of nutrients in relation to his/her learning and attention inefficiencies may helpful. If you need help in assessing the learning and attention inefficiencies of your child I would love to help you. Do not hesitate to contact us if you have any further questions or needs. “Behold, the eye of the Lord is upon them that fear him, upon them that hope in his mercy: to deliver their soul from death, and to keep them alive in famine. Our soul waiteth for the Lord: he is our help and our shield.” Psalm 33: 18-19 Resources To know more about glyconutrients (the good sugars): (phone David: 705-726-5971 or www.mannapages.com/davidday (the Canadian one)) Books Is Your Child's Brain Starving? Michael R. Lyon, M.D. Healing the Hyper Active Brain, Michael R. Lyon, M.D. (www.functionalmedecine.ca) Your Body's Many Cries for Water, F.Batmanghelidj, M.D. (www.watercure.com) The ADD Book, by William Sears, M.D. and Lynda Thompson, Ph.D. Breaking the Vicious Cycle, by . Elaine Gottschall (www.breakingtheviciouscycle.info) and (www.pecanbread.com) Fat that Heal, Fats that Kill, Udo Erasmus Miracle Sugars, Rita Elkins, M.H. The Second Brain, Your gut has a mind of its own, Michael D. Gershon, M.D. Healing ADD, Daniel G. Amen, M.D. (www.amenclinic.com) How to Survive on a Toxic Planet, Dr. Steve Nugent The Safe Shopper’s Bible. By Dr. Samuel Epstein, MD & David Steinman Nutrition and Mental Illness, by Carl C. Pfeiffer,Ph.D,M.D. Web sites: Dr Joseph Mercola (www.mercola.com) (look for the article "Why you should avoid Soy" by Sally Fallon and for the DVD "Sweet Misery: A Poisoned World") Environmental Causes of Learning Disabilities (www.chem-tox.com/pregnancy/learning_disabilities.htm) The Truth about Soy (www.soyonlineservice.co.nz) To know more about glyconutrients (the good sugars): (phone David: 705-726-5971 or www.mannapages.com/davidday (the Canadian one)) Copyright 2005 Suzanne Day, Neuropsychologist member of l’Ordre des psychologues du Québec

How the Opioid Theory Explains Many Maladaptive Behaviors

Worth Reading: One of the main objectives of conferences is that people with differing background and understanding can come together and not only promote their own studies and points of view but also learn from the experience of others. This is particularly important in the study of autism where so many disciplines are involved. Courchesne & Courchesne (1997) discussed this issue with regard to the differing needs of clinicians and practitioners, and scientific researchers and have pointed out the commonalities and dichotomies inherent in their approaches. There is an additional difficulty within the field of autism in that a number of apparently totally different and, at first sight, incompatible sets of understanding and experience are required. Although the syllabi for modern degrees in psychology require a basic appreciation of neurology, graduates cannot be expected to be comfortable with more complex biological and neurological processes. Even worse, those with a physiological or pharmacological training are often dismissive of concepts, which involve measuring elements, which cannot be seen, weighed or quantified by physical methods. One of the most intractable divides, within the field of autism at least, is that which separates brain biochemistry and the psychological theories, which underlie the symptoms by which autism is still defined. This paper represents an attempt to explore some aspect of that gap. Given that no one really understands the neurochemical workings involved in the central nervous system especially when they may well be abnormal, as in the case of autism, the task is a difficult one. The speculations contained in the following pages, are offered and can be accepted as no more than that. Basic Principles a) Biological We subscribe to the opioid excess theory for the causation of autism. The theory has been expounded on a number of occasions (Shattock et al, 1990; Shattock & Lowdon, 1991). In brief, we suspect that peptides and other related compounds, some with opioid (morphine-like) activity, resulting from the incomplete digestion of certain foods in particular gluten from wheat and certain other cereals and from casein from milk and dairy produce, find their way into the bloodstream from the lumen of the intestine. Once in the bloodstream a proportion will cross into the brain. They will either act directly as neuroregulators by mimicking the bodies own natural opioids (such as the enkephalins or endorphins) or act as ligands to the enzymes which would break down these naturally occurring compounds. In either case, the consequence is an increase in opioid and other activities. In the brain the opioids act in a variety of ways at a variety of specific receptors but their effects are basically neuromodulatory. They do not, usually, act as direct neurotransmitters (such as 5-HT (serotonin) or dopamine) but they regulate their activity usually in a diminutive manner. Details will be discussed in the course of the specific examples described later in this paper. b) Psychological There are a number of psychological models, which have been presented as capable of explaining the symptoms of autism. Each theory has its proponents and detractors. Each theory has strengths and weaknesses but it is beyond the scope of this presentation to discuss each of these in detail. In particular, in the UK at least, much attention is given to the “Theory of Mind” deficit ideas (as proposed by Baron-Cohen, Leslie & Frith, 1985) and of “Weak Central Coherence” as advocated by, for example, Hobson (1991; 1995). This study will concentrate upon the ideas of deficits in “Executive Function” as described by Ozonoff (1991) and elaborated by Hughes (1993; 1994; 1996). It is readily conceded that this has been done because the concepts of the theory fit happily with the theories we espouse rather than for any quarrels with the other proposals. Executive Function Deficits There seems, to us, to be one problem inherent with theories based around these concepts: how “autism specific” these deficits would be [see reference]. A case could be made for abnormalities in this process being relevant in many forms of learning difficulty as well as autism spectrum disorders. However, we remain of the opinion that possible links are worthy of exploration. Hughes has listed these deficits as including the following: - planning; - impulse control; - inhibition of pre-potent but incorrect responses; - set maintenance; - organised search; - flexibility of thought and action; - ability to disengage from control by the external context; - ability to guide behaviour by mental models or internal representations. It would seem to us, that these could be summarised in terms of deficits in the process by which the “clever” elements of “the brain” tell the “thick bits” what to do. It is characteristic of scientists, including psychologists (such as Ozonoff and Hughes), to concentrate on some of the more interesting and complex of the deficits which are possible and to ignore some of the very basic systems to which the same principles are known to apply but which would not attract and hold the attention of the trained specialist. We would start by exploring a couple of these simpler systems. 1. Extra-Pyramidal Movements and Dyskinesias One of the features of autism which is well known but which has not been the subject of intensive investigation is the constant movement, which some (but not all) subjects show. Many children appear completely unable to keep still; to sit at a table or to take a meal without standing up and walking around. However much parents and teachers attempt to stop this movement the child will find difficulty. There appears to be a severe, but variable inner drive directed towards this constant movement. To an observer it seems this drive and many of the associated movements are very similar to the constant activity seen in people, diagnosed with schizophrenia but who are taking neuroleptic (anti-dopaminergic) medications. People taking medications such as thioridazine (Melleril), chlorpromazine (Largactil) or haloperidol (Serenace; Haldol) are nearly always given other medications (e.g. orphenadrine (Disipal)) to eradicate or minimise these side effects. It is likely that the movements induced by these medications are in fact the same as those seen in people with autism because they are the result of the same causal mechanism. These neuroleptic drugs act by inhibiting transmission in dopaminergic systems; we are proposing that in autism the dopaminergic system is inhibited not by medications but by the opioid peptides. The consequence is, however, the same. Impulses from the system make use of acetylcholine as their transmitter and such impulses will cause “movement” in many parts of the body. Under normal circumstances, these movements are inhibited by a system (the nigrostriatal system) utilising dopamine as its transmitter. If, therefore, these inhibitory systems are themselves inhibited, the constant movements described above will become evident. The usual medical response is then to give further medications, which are anticholinergic. The phenomenon does bring into question the practice of using neuroleptic drugs, which are basically anti-dopaminergic in their action) in cases where dopaminergic systems are already inhibited. This example is, perhaps, stretching the original description of “executive function” into an area not considered by those who originally proposed the ideas but the principle is entirely analogous. (Medical note: Some neuroleptic drugs, such as haloperidol and sulpiride when used at low doses and risperidone at low or moderate doses, have a selective activity in blocking the pre-synaptic receptors. The net result would be an increase in transmission and amelioration of these particular symptoms) 2) Control of Aggression Being aggressive is “normal” for humans under certain circumstances. Theories of aggression being a basic drive receive support from studies (e.g. Smuts, 1986) showing a biological basis of aggression in other mammalian animals. Whether in response to a stressor (i.e. an aggressive response to a conflict situation), or as a result of frustration (i.e. inability to reach a goal), animal studies have shown that aggression is a primary motivator of behaviour. In humans, the exhibition of aggression is described in many terms, some acceptable and justifiable (e.g. during periods of human conflict as seen in the world wars of the twentieth century) and others deemed socially unacceptable (e.g. committing murder). Often the justification for aggression is defined in terms of factors such as cultural and communicative processes and according to individual perspectives (e.g. attributing the aggressive behaviour of others as being “aggressive” or “assertive” and the aggressive behaviour of ourselves as being “defensive”). Humans need to be prepared to act in this way and the mechanisms to do so are already in place (i.e. fight-or-flight response). However under normal circumstances, they are “inhibited” by other systems and in particular by systems under serotonergic (using serotonin (5-HT) as their transmitter) control. If these systems are themselves inhibited the tendency towards aggressive activity will become evident and more difficult to control. Opioid peptides will inhibit these systems. Diagram of synaptic cleft (Medical note: Drugs such as fluoxetine (Prozac), which increase the availability of serotonin are frequently given to minimise aggression. Eltoprazine is, unfortunately, no longer available but its “serenic” activity is said to be due to its ability to stimulate the postsynaptic receptors. Risperidone will inhibit the presynaptic receptors and so result in a net increase in serotonin availability and decrease in aggression. Note that risperidone will, at appropriate doses, increase dopaminergic transmission in the nigro-striatal system whilst, as the same time, increase serotonergic transmission in these systems. Both of these effects would be predicted as being beneficial.) Taken together these two functions of being primed for immediate movement (dopaminergic system) and being mentally appeared to fight (serotonergic system) are important for the preservation of the individual and normal physiological and behavioural responses to environmental stress. It is well known that under conditions of stress, opioids such as beta-endorphin are released in the brain. These consequences are characteristic of the fear – “fight-or-flight” response and are part of the overall requirement for self-preservation. The same responses would be anticipated as resulting from the presence of opioids from exogenous sources such as food. 3) Sensory Filtration Moving up the scale of complexity from these comparatively simple examples consideration should be given to the effects on sensory systems. The human sensory system comprises of a complex set of devices and channels, which deliver to us the ability to explore the outside world. The properties of this system are made up through a complex association between biological and psychological processes, drawing on information from our five senses and the subsequent coding, organisation and retention of this information. Because of the vast amount of information made available to us from our sensory organs and our finite ability to process this information, we undertake a process of filtration to separate the information, which is meaningful to us from the background information. Cognitive psychological investigation has suggested various theories as to the nature of this filtration process (e.g. Deutsch & Deutsch, 1963; Johnston & Heinz, 1979). Evidence of unusual sensory responses throughout the range of sensory mediums in autism has been catalogued both through psychological research (Courchesne, Akshoomoff & Townsend, 1990) and through various self-report measures by people with autism (Williams, 1996). Studies carried out at the Autism Research Unit have also provided supportive evidence (Taylor, 1998). The presence of opioid peptides will affect transmission in all of the sensory or perceptual systems of the CNS. At the same time as affecting the transmission of signals from the sense organs (sight; sound; gustation; touch; pain; proprioception) these same chemicals will affect the filtration of these signals. As described earlier, under normal circumstances, a perceiver will be able to automatically filter out those sensations which are deemed to be of no interest but which are fairly constant. Thus, the background noise in a classroom or of the traffic; the feel of ones clothing; the constant bombardment by visual stimuli can be ignored and we can concentrate on the task or point of particular interest. In biological terms, this “filtration” is achieved by the intelligent (cortical) areas of the brain sending messages to the more automatic areas to cut down on those impulses. If these inhibitory signals are themselves inhibited then the filtration processes will be inhibited and all of these phenomena will have equal significance. It is not possible to focus on particular areas without unusual effort and concentration. The Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) problems are explicable in these terms. Similarly, if combined with the problems described above, we would see the additional problems of hyperactivity as shown in Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and which so frequently accompany symptoms of dyslexia the symptoms of which are also explicable in terms of perceptual and cognitive abnormalities of this type. 4) Attention Switching Many people with autism have described the difficulties that they experience in switching from one sensory mode to another. For example (Williams 1996), whilst concentrating on processing visual stimuli which may be arriving in overwhelming quantities, they find it difficult, if not impossible, to make sense of auditory inputs. Many people with autism have described themselves as “visual learners” Courchesne (1994), by means of electrophysiological measurements, has provided very convincing evidence that people with autism do have great difficulty in switching their attention from one perceptual mode to another. Once in “visual mode” the time lag before switching to “auditory mode” is very much greater. The control of this switching system could, once again, be described as an “Executive Function” and, once again, could be the consequence of opioid activity within the CNS. 5) Higher Executive Functions The theorists (such as Ozonoff and Hughes) mentioned previously, have concentrated upon activities, which are more complex than the simple examples described here but by extending the explanation to more complex systems one can see how the same principles could apply and how these biochemical abnormalities could result in irregularities in functioning. For example, children with autism find it especially difficult to make choices. When presented with an array of sweets such as is seen in sweet shops and told to choose something the child will appear to “choose” in an arbitrary fashion. Alternatively, (s)he may choose the same thing every time (whether or not (s)he actually likes the chosen entity) or, sometimes, always choose the product nearest to the hand. Making choices is about filtering through options and if, as described above this filtration is affected such processes are far from easy for the subject. Psychologists have drawn attention to the problems people with autism have in planning future activities. Once again, planning involves a consideration of a variety of possible activities. In this case it is even harder than simply choosing sweets as the possibilities are imaginary rather than real. Thus filtering through a range of possibilities; visualising; considering and rejecting possibilities and making choices is asking too much from people where the basic processes are impaired by the presence of these comparatively simple chemicals. Conclusions and General Observations It is not necessary to explain how the other deficits in Executive Functioning, referred to earlier, are explicable in terms of this process but it can be done. In the same way, it may be possible to extend the process further to explain the perceived difficulties in “Theory of Mind” or Central Coherence” tasks. We do not see these psychological abnormalities as being “the cause” of autism although they are sometimes described in these terms. Rather, they are symptoms of underlying psychological abnormalities, which may themselves result, in particular difficulties, which will modify the semi-automatic behaviours described above, or behaviours which are not otherwise directly related to these basic biochemically inspired phenomena. Finally, we totally accept that each person with autism is different. The symptoms described above are superimposed upon the characters of individual human beings who have their own personalities and characteristics, foibles, preferences and inconsistencies. In no way are we attempting to define real people in terms of chemically driven automata. We must also consider how each and every one of us is affected to a greater or lesser extent by such forces, which are difficult to explain. References. Baron-Cohen, S., Leslie, A.M., Frith, U. (1985) Does the Autistic Child have a “Theory of Mind”? Cognition 21: 37-46 Courchesne, E., Akshoomoff, N.A., Townsend, J. (1990) Recent advances in autism. Current Opinion in Pediatrics 2: 685-693 Courchesne, E., Towsend J., Akshoomoff N.A., Saitoh O., Yeung-Courchesne R., Lincoln A.J., James H.E., Haas R.H., Schreibman L., Lau L. (1994) Impairment in shifting attention in autistic and cerebellar patients. Behavioural Neuroscience 108: 848-865 [View Abstract] Courchesne, R.Y., Courchesne, E. (1997) From Impasse to Insight in Autism Research: From behavioural symptoms to biological explanations. Developmental and Psychopathology 9: 389-419 [View Abstract] Deutsch, J.A., Deutsch, D. (1963) Attention: Some theoretical considerations. Psychological Review 70: 80-90 Eysenck, M.W., Keane, M.T. (1993) Cognitive Psychology: A student’s handbook. London (UK), Hillsdale (USA): Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers Hobson, R.P. (1991) Against the Theory of Mind. British Journal of Developmental Psychology 9: 33-51 Hobson, R.P. (1995) Apprehending attitudes and actions: Separable abilities in early development? Development and Psychopathology 7: 171-182 Hughes, C., Russell, J. (1993) Autistic Children’s Difficulties with Mental Disengagement from an Object: It’s implications for theories of autism. Developmental Psychology 29: 498-510 Hughes, C., Russell, J., Robbins, T.W. (1994) Evidence for Executive Dysfunction in Autism. Neuropsychology 32: 477-492 [View Abstract] Hughes, C. (1996) Brief Report: Planning problems in autism at the level of motor control. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 26: 99-107 Johnston, W.A., Heinz, S.P. (1979) Depth of Non-target Processing in an Attention Task. Journal of Experimental Psychology 5: 168-175 Ozonoff, S., Pennington, B.F., Rogers, S.J. (1991) Executive Function Deficits in High-Functioning Autistic Individuals: Relationship to Theory of Mind. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 32: 1081-1105 [View Abstract] Shattock, P., Kennedy, A., Rowell, F., Berney, T.P. (1990) Role of Neuropeptides in Autism and their Relationship with Classical Neurotransmitters. Brain Dysfunction 3: 328-45 Shattock, P., Lowdon, G. (1991) Proteins, Peptides and Autism. Part 2: Implications for the education and care of people with autism. Brain Dysfunction 4: 323-334 Shattock, P., Savery, D. (1996) Urinary Profiles of People with Autism: Possible implications and relevance to other research. Conference proceedings from ‘Therapeutic Intervention in Autism’, University of Durham 309-25 Smuts, B.B. (1986) in Atkinson, R.L., Atkinson, R.C., Smith, E.E., Bem, D.J. (eds) Introduction to Psychology (11th edition), p.439. Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers Taylor, S.A. (1998) A study of gustational sensitivity using solutions of varying concentrations within a sample of ASD and non-ASD individuals. Conference proceedings from ‘Psychobiology of Autism’, University of Durham. Williams, D. (1996) Autism: An Inside-Out Approach. London, England. Jessica Kingsley Publishers

Leaky Gut/Intestinal Permability -- Hows, Whys, Stages

Hows and Whys of "Leaky Gut" The purpose of the gastro-intestinal (GI) tract, or gut, is multi-fold. Basically, it: i) Digests foods. ii) Absorbs small food particles to be converted into energy. iii) Carries nutrients like vitamins and minerals attached to carrier proteins across the gut lining into the bloodstream. iv) Contains a major part of the chemical detoxification system of the body, and v) Contains immunoglobulins or antibodies that act as the first line of defence against infection. Leaky gut syndrome (LGS) is a poorly recognised but extremely common problem. It is rarely tested for. Essentially, it represents a hyper-permeable intestinal lining. In other words, spaces develop between the cells of the gut wall, and bacteria, toxins and food leak through. The official definition is an increase in permeability of the intestinal mucosa to luminal macromolecules, antigens and toxins associated with inflammatory degenerative and/or atrophic mucosal damage. The Mucosal Barrier The barrier posed by the intestinal mucosa is, even in normal subjects, an incomplete one. Small quantities of molecules of different sizes and characteristics cross the intact epithelium by both active and passive mechanisms. The route by which such transfer occurs is, at least in part, dependent on molecular size. Molecules up to about 5000 Daltons in size cross the epithelial membrane of the microvilli. Larger molecules may utilise an intercellular pathway or depend on being taken up by endocytosis entering the cell at the base of the microvilli. How Does The Gut Become Leaky? Once the gut lining becomes inflamed or damaged, this disrupts the functioning of the system. The spaces open up and allow large food antigens, for example, to be absorbed into the body. Normally the body sees only tiny food antigens. When it sees these new, larger ones, they are foreign to the body's defence system. So the attack results in the production of antibodies against once harmless, innocuous foods. Isn't Leakier Better? It might sound good that the gut can become leaky, because it would seem that the body would be better able to absorb more amino acids, essential fatty acids, minerals and vitamins. For the body to absorb a mineral it does not just slowly diffuse across the gut membrane it must be attached to a carrier protein. This protein hooks onto the mineral and actually carries it across the gut wall into the bloodstream. However, when the intestinal lining is damaged through inflammation these carrier proteins get damaged as well, so now the victim is vulnerable to developing mineral and vitamin deficiencies. The 7 stages of the 'inflamed’ gut. 1 . When the gut is inflamed, it does not absorb nutrients and foods properly and so fatigue and bloating can occur. 2. As mentioned previously, when large food particles are absorbed there is the creation of food allergies and new symptoms. 3. When the gut is inflamed the carrier proteins are damaged so nutrient deficiencies can occur. 4. Likewise when the detoxification pathways that line the gut are compromised, chemical sensitivity can arise. Furthermore the leakage of toxins overburdens the liver so that the body is less able to handle everyday chemicals. 5. When the gut lining is inflamed the protective coating of lgA (immunoglobulin A) is adversely affected and the body is not able to ward off protozoa, bacteria, viruses and yeasts. 6. When the intestinal lining is inflamed, bacteria and yeasts are able to trans-locate. This means that they are able to pass from the gut lumen or cavity, into the bloodstream and set up infection anywhere else in the body. 7. The worst symptom is the formation of antibodies. Sometimes these leak across and look similar to antigens on our own tissues. Consequently, when an antibody is made to attack it, it also attacks our tissue. This is probably how autoimmune disease start.

Leaky Gut Syndrome - also known as Intestinal Permeability

What is Leaky Gut Syndrome? Leaky Gut Syndrome (intestinal permeability) is not a disease but rather an intestinal dysfunction that underlies many different illnesses and symptoms. However, Leaky gut syndrome is actually poorly recognized but yet an extremely common problem. What causes Leaky Gut Syndrome? Leaky gut syndrome results in an increase in the so-called permeability of the mucosal intestinal lining to luminal macro molecules. In other words, large spaces develop between the cells of the gut wall and this allows bacteria, toxins and food to leak in. What happens next with Leaky Gut Syndrome? Once the lining of the digestive tract becomes inflamed or damaged it disrupts the way the digestive system functions. The spaces that open up allow large food antigens to be absorbed into the body, which are regarded as 'foreign' to the body's defense system. This results in the production of antibodies against what was once harmless and innocuous foods. This is how food allergies are created as well as new symptoms with target organs. e.g. arthritis and fibromyalgia. Symptoms of the Inflamed Gut associated with Leaky Gut Syndrome * It does not absorb nutrients and foods properly so it may result in fatigue and bloating. * When the detoxification pathways that line the gut are compromised, chemical sensitivity may also occur. * The leaking of toxins also burdens the liver so that the body is less able to handle everyday chemicals. * Carrier proteins are also damaged so nutrient deficiencies occur which cause a variety of symptoms: o Magnesium deficiency causes muscle spasms and fibromyalgia o Copper deficiency leads to high cholesterol and Osteoarthritis o Zinc deficiency leads to malabsorption which causes hair loss and some eye disorders (macular degeneration) Inflamed Gut Lining because of Leaky Gut Syndrome When the gut lining is inflamed the protective coating of lgA (immunoglobulin A) is negatively affected. The body is unable to ward off bacteria, viruses and parasites as well as fungus and yeasts like Candida. These pathogenic bad organisms then pass from the gut cavity into the bloodstream and set up infection anywhere else in the body. Formation of Antibodies with Leaky Gut Syndrome Formation of antibodies may occur. They leak across and look similar to antigens on our own tissues. So when an antibody is made to attack it, it also attacks the tissue. This is possibly how auto-immune and chronic disease like Crohn's Disease, Rheumatoid arthritis, Lupus, Multiple Sclerosis, and Thyroiditis start. Formation of Toxins with Leaky Gut Syndrome Together these conditions encourage the formation of toxins. These toxins can also cause leaks. When food particles escape through the leaks into the blood stream, the immune system senses them as a threat (an antigen), and results in food sensitivities. Avoid Unhealthy Food if you have Leaky Gut Syndrome Poor food choices not only cause Leaky Gut Syndrome but may lead to food sensitivities as well. Processed foods are low in nutrients and fiber and often contain lots of food additives, unhealthy fats and sugar. This creates an alkaline intestinal pH and a slow waste transit time. Leaky Gut Syndrome may cause confusion, memory loss, and 'brain fog' In addition to the creation of food allergies, the bloodstream is flooded by bacteria, fungi and parasites that, in the healthy state, would not be able to penetrate the protective barrier of the gut. These microbes and their toxins, if present in large enough amounts, can overwhelm the liver's ability to detoxify. This results in symptoms such as confusion, memory loss, and 'brain fog'. The following may lead to Leaky Gut Syndrome (Intestinal Permeability): * Antibiotics - because they lead to the overgrowth of abnormal flora in the gastrointestinal tract (bacteria, parasites, candida, fungi) * Alcohol and caffeine (strong gut irritants) * Foods and beverages contaminated by parasites like Giardia lamblia, cryptosporidium, blastocystis hominis and others * Foods and beverages contaminated by bacteria like helicobacter pylori, klebsiella, citrobacter, pseudomonas and others * Chemicals in fermented and processed food (dyes, preservatives, peroxidized fats) * Enzyme deficiencies (e.g. celiac disease, lactase deficiency causing lactose intolerance) * NSAIDS (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) like ASA, ibuprofen, indomethacin, etc. * Prescription corticosteroids (e.g. prednisone, hydrocortisone, DepoMedrol, etc.) * High refined carbohydrate diet (e.g. candy bars, cookies, cake, soft drinks, white bread) * Prescription hormones like the birth control pill * Mold and fungal mycotoxins in stored grains, fruit and refined carbohydrates * Dysbiosis and gastrointestinal Disease * Chemo-therapy and radiation therapy causing immune overload Suggestions for Leaky Gut Syndrome Great Smokies Intestinal Permeability Test will assist in making an accurate evaluation of leaky gut syndrome. Microbiology evaluation will test for overgrowth of fungus, bacteria and parasites. Digestive aids like probiotics, digestive enzymes, natural herbal anti inflammatories and anti candida supplements assist in restoring the integrity of the mucosal lining of the digestive tract. Read more on Leaky Gut Syndrome (Intestinal Permeability) here.

Healing Leaky Gut

Enzyme Stuff Dietary supplementation with zinc and a growth factor extract derived from bovine cheese whey improves methotrexate-damaged rat intestine. Tran CD, Howarth GS, Coyle P, Philcox JC, Rofe AM, Butler RN. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 May;77(5):1296-303. Gastroenterology Unit, Women's and Children's Hospital, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia. tranc@mail.wch.sa.gov.au. PMID: 12716685 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] BACKGROUND: Oral administration of zinc or bovine whey-derived growth factor extract (WGFE) is known to reduce intestinal permeability and ameliorate methotrexate (MTX)-induced mucositis, respectively. OBJECTIVE: We examined the effects of zinc, WGFE, and zinc plus WGFE on gut damage in MTX-treated rats. DESIGN: Rats (n = 16/group) were fed zinc (1000 mg/kg diet), WGFE (32 mg/kg diet), zinc plus WGFE, or control (10 mg Zn/kg diet) diets for 7 d and then injected subcutaneously with MTX (2.5 mg/kg) for 3 d to induce gut damage. Gut histology and intestinal permeability were assessed. R RESULTS: The Zn+WGFE diet was associated with both reduced gut damage on day 5 and enhanced recovery on day 7. The WGFE diet ameliorated gut damage, whereas the Zn and Zn+WGFE diets enhanced repair. Gut metallothionein and tissue zinc concentrations were significantly (P < 0.01) higher with Zn and Zn+WGFE on days 5 and 7 than without zinc supplementation. The Zn and Zn+WGFE diets significantly (P < 0.05) decreased gut permeability on days 3-4 compared with the control diet. Intestinal permeability was significantly (P < 0.05) increased on days 5-6. On days 6-7, only the WGFE diet improved gut permeability (by 80%) compared with the control diet. CONCLUSIONS: Dietary administration of WGFE and a pharmacologic dose of zinc reduced intestinal damage and enhanced recovery, respectively. WGFE also improved gut permeability after MTX-induced bowel damage. In combination, zinc and WGFE hastened repair of gut damage, which may have clinical application in chemotherapy-induced mucositis.